Why we need to do research - Free Essay Example

Research provides valuable information that guides manager, employees and other personnel of an organization in their daily work for the organization. The information from research guides them to make an effective decision making which will benefit the organization in the long run. Provide the knowledge and skills. Research helps in decision-making because the analysis of data provides the clear picture to the manager concerning to the underlying problem, the associated factors, and offers the possible solution. Interprets results The researcher interprets the results from the analyzed data and makes a through evaluation on the benefits and consequences for every possible solution. Proposed recommendations The researcher also proposes certain recommendations for the next course of action to be taken by the manager. Thus, the manager is able to make a better decision with the help of research. For example, a research is required to identify the factors that cause the demand for Malaysian made cars (Proton and Perodua) to decline drastically in the past few years. The research undertaken for this specific case would be able to determine the factors that contribute to the decreasing demand for the car. From the result, the management could take certain corrective action to improv e the demand. For example, the outcome of a research suggested the company to introduce new models, improve the quality of cars, improve the service quality provided by its service centers, reduce the selling price, and improve design of the car to suit younger generation. The specific recommendation made to the company based on research findings would help the Proton management to take proper action so that it could survive into the future. 1.3 The need for business research In managing the organization, the manager would come across many managerial problems that are interrelated in various areas such as management, accounting, marketing, production, finance, etc. Help manager solve the management problems The researcher would define the problem, determine the research objectives, identify the relevant variables that may relate to the problem, collect data on all important variables, and analyze them to finalize the root of a problem. Finally, the researcher will write a full report based on the data analysis to be presented to the manager concerning the problem and the possible course of action in order to tackle the problem. Effective and efficient in making the decision Research helps managers to generate the viable alternative among several alternatives available for effective decision-making. Knowledge on research would also help managers to utilize the available information in a more sophisticated and scientific methods in understandi ng the problem. The manager also would be able to interact more effectively with every employee in planning for the research and development project (RD) for the organization. Look at the problem critically and objectively. Good manager posses an arithmetic reasoning to sense a potential threat only by looking at certain statistics from the news report. Among the statistical information available are the trend of demand and supply of certain product, the rate of growth in GNP, the rate of interest, the rate of inflation, and the government policies regarding the economy. Sometimes, the statements and comments made by the expert in the related field are also important since they deliver certain message regarding the specific industry that might affect the organization. Conclusion, a good manager would ask for a research report before making an important decision. A good decision is the one made after taking into consideration all data analysis, the interpreted findings, and recommendations. In contrast, a bad decision is the one made without considering the information available, the potential threat to the organization, and without listening to the expert opinion concerning the underlying problem. 1.4 The role of research in business Making the right decision is an ideal practice in any business whenever the organization encounters a problem. A good organization primarily conducts research to resolve the critical problems surrounding their business such as competition, customer satisfaction, product innovation, customer complaints, and new government policies affecting the industry. Decision making process requires systematic and organized efforts to investigate a specific problem in a business setting. The first step in understanding the problem is to identify specifically the main issue that requires further investigation. The next steps are to identify factors associated with the problem, gather the relevant information, analyze data, interpret output and provide the recommendation to the manager for his decision-making. It simply means that the decision making process comprises a series of steps designed and executed with the goal of getting the best solution to the underlying problem faced by the organi zation. Actually, the entire process in which the managers attempt to solve their problem is the steps in conducting a research project. The research definition in the previous section suggests that research involved the process of inquiry, investigation, examination, and experimentation that need to be conducted systematically, diligently, critically, objectively and in a logical order. Thus, the results of research would be the findings, which would help the managers to deal with the real situation. Therefore, we can define business research as an organized, systematic inquiry concerning the problem, and undertaken with the purpose of finding the best solution to a problem. In addition, the research findings should be able to clarify all ambiguities surrounding the problem. In research the ambiguities surrounding the problem are addressed in term of research questions. 1.5 The factors to consider in research Sometimes the manager has many alternatives to choose from in his decision-making for the company. In this case, the manager requires more information concerning each alternative in order to make the right choice. In other words, the manager needs to carry-out a research. However, the determination of the need for research centers on the following factors: i. Time constraints A systematic research takes time to accomplish. However, in many instances, the manager needs to make decision immediately and hence it is made without adequate information and a thorough understanding of the problems. If the time allows, the manager should do the research first before making a decision. Making a decision blindly without adequate information might land an organization into trouble. ii. The availability of data Adequate information is very important for a manager in making decision. The role of research is to provide the required information to the manager to make his decision. However, in certain cases, a manager has adequate information to assist him and the research is not required. However, a good manager knows that the research is still required to clarify some ambiguities surrounding the industry in which the business is operating. Furthermore, if a potential source of information exists, managers want to know how much it costs to obtain the data. For example, Era Timur, a company selling stationery items and providing internet cafà © plans to open a new branch in Kota Bharu. The manager of Era Timur wishes to investigate the market potential for the business in the area. The relevant information that would help the manager in making decision are the characteristic of the population in the area, the number of potential customers in the area, the number of schools, government dep artments as well as private organizations in the area who are using the internet. And not to forget, the number of existing competitors already operating in the area is also important. Since this type of data is usually not readily available, the manager has to carry out a specific research to collect and analyze the required information. iii. Nature of decisions The value of research depends on the nature of the managerial decision to be made. A minor decision that does not require a substantial investment may not require the large amount of expenditure for research project. For example, Pandu Yakin Sdn. Bhd., a car rental company wants to upgrade the advertisement regarding some modifications in their services. The current advertisement is not bad in achieving their target consumers. The costs required to research and upgrade the existing advertisement may be higher than the benefits obtained. Therefore, in this particular case, the company does not have to invest in research. However, some organizations are willing to spend millions of ringgit to do a small modification in their product because they are confident of long-term benefits. For instances, the Telekom Malaysia (TM) and Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) re-branding exercises have incurred millions of ringgit to the company. iv. The value of research We have discussed the various benefits of research. However, a substantial expenditure is required for conducting good research. Thus, both cost and benefit are important to justify a research project. A manager should identify and weigh the potential values or benefits from the research and compare with the expenditure they have to incur. Three questions would help managers make the right decision in this case. First, is the rate of return worth the investment? Second, will the information obtained from the research improves the quality of a decision? Third, is the proposed research the best alternative for the available fund? Figure 1.1 illustrates the simple checklist to determine the requirement of a research. Figure 1.1: The Decision to Conduct or Not to Conduct Research 1.6 The types of research In research, a distinction is needed not only about the type of research but also about the most general category into which the implications of research might fall. What is the distinction? This distinction is a convenient way to clarify the research activity to shed light on the purpose and importance of the study. The most basic distinction of research activities are categorized into applied research (sometimes called action research) and basic research (sometimes called pure research or fundamental research). Applied Research Applied or action research is carried out for the purpose of solving an existing problem. The researcher conducts an applied research when he wants to study about the specific problem. For example, the demand for PROTON is decreasing. The decrease in demand is reflected in the monthly sales of PROTON cars nationwide. The management is trying to identify the factors that contribute to the decreasing demand in order to take an appropriate step before the problem gets worse. In this case, the research helps the management to get a clearer picture of what was happening in the automotive industry, the crucial factors behind it and the correlation of each factor with the existing economic variables such as interest rate, rate of inflation, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). After obtaining the data, the researcher would perform the data analysis and come out with certain recommendation based on the output. The management can use the information from the research report to help them in designing a new marketing program, determine the pricing policy, and adopt certain promotional strategy so that the downward trend in demand will change to an upward trend. Every business organization requires continuous research and development program (RD) to ensure its growth and survival in the industry. The research will discover the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, its product and service as well as that of its competitors. Since the socio-economic variables change over time, the management of business organization should embark on continuous research and development in order to keep pace with its competitors. Examples of applied research i) The study to determine the level of awareness towards the danger posed by counterfeit medicines in the market among the Malaysian consumers ii) The study to identify the main factors considered by the customers when buying health products in the market iii) The study to assess the damage caused by the recent flood on government schools in the country Pure Research One of the purposes for conducting research is to develop and evaluate the concepts and theories. The researcher conducts basic research to expand the body of knowledge in the particular area by determining the theoretical explanation to the underlying problem. This type of research is not for solving the problem at hand. Rather, the basic research is carried out to develop the theoretical foundation concerning certain phenomena which take place and to expand the limits of knowledge based on the findings. One carries out basic research to confirm that certain phenomena conform to a certain theory developed by the previous researchers. If the phenomenon does not conform to the previous theory, then the researcher would propose a new theory to explain what was happening. Although basic research does not provide the solution to a specific problem, it does provide a comprehensive understanding concerning the problem in general. Hence, the organizations could apply the theory obtaine d from basic research to handle their own problems. For example, a university professor is interested to investigate how the level of service quality provided by the hospital contributes to patient satisfaction for his academic interest. After doing literature search from the published journals and gathering information from patients at several hospitals, the professor found that factors like the quality of communication by the frontline staff, the reputation of doctors, and the environment in the hospital to be the most important criteria that contribute to the patient satisfaction towards the hospital. Hence, whenever the management wants to improve their customer satisfaction, they should specifically improve the quality of those factors. Examples of pure research are: a) The influence of environmental awareness on consumer buying behavior towards environmental friendly products or green products in the market b) The relationship between employee job satisfaction and the quality of service they provide to their customers in service organizations c) The impact of customer satisfaction towards certain products and their willingness to provide positive words of mouth and recommendation for that particular product to their friends and families d) Modeling customer loyalty towards the service provided by certain company based on their experience with the quality of service provided and their perception on the corporate image of that company The general flowchart of a research Figure 1.2: The process in Historical Research 1.7 Developing a research design The research design serves as a master plan of the methods and procedures for the researcher to collect and analyze the data required by the research. Determining the most suitable research design is a function of research objectives and the specific requirements of the research. In this master plan, the researcher must consider the type of data required, the design technique (survey, observation, experiment, and case study), the sampling methodology and procedures, the schedule and the budget. Non experimental research design Non-experimental research includes a variety of different methods that describe relationships between variables. For example, the survey on television-watching behavior of teenagers and adults, the researcher would like to know what programs the teenagers watch on television. Non-experimental research has two types; that are exploratory and descriptive. The exploratory research design Exploratory research is conducted to clarify the nature of ambiguous problems. Ambiguous means that the nature of the problem is unclear, in which the objectives are vague and decision alternatives are difficult to understand. The purpose of exploratory research is to explore the problem or situation to gain better understanding about the dimensions of the problem. Exploratory research is not intended to provide conclusive evidence from which to determine a particular course of action. Usually, exploratory research is conducted with the expectation that subsequent research will be required to provide such conclusive evidence. Therefore, exploratory research is conducted for three interrelated purposes: diagnosing a situation: help diagnosing the dimension of problems so that successive research project will be on target eg: preliminary interview with employees may utilize to learn current hot issues as well as concern about bread and butter issues such as wages, working c onditions etc screening alternatives used to determine the best alternatives. (Because several opportunities) discovering new ideas Eg; workers have suggestion for increasing products or improving safety. Therefore, consumer may suggest new product ideas or unthought-of problem might be identified. Exploratory research focuses on collecting either secondary or primary data, and using unstructured formal or informal procedures to interpret them. This research design incorporates the fewest characteristics or principles of the scientific method. It is often used simply to classify the problems or opportunities. Hence, it is not intended to provide conclusive information from which a particular course of action can be determined. Among the examples of exploratory research techniques are; focus-group interviews, experience surveys, and pilot studies. Exploratory research may also use some forms of secondary data (e.g. online database). Exploratory research can be somewhat intuitive and is used by many managers to monitor the demand pattern for their products compared to the competitors products in the market. Example: A Thai restaurant is considering expanding its operating hours and product line with a breakfast menu. Exploratory research is required to provide some understanding about the problem. However, an exploratory study with a small number of customers found a negative reaction to a spicy breakfast menu that is one of the menus offered by the business. The findings from the study indicate that the restaurant should not offer this menu for breakfast. The descriptive research design The major purpose of descriptive research, as the name implies is to describe the characteristics of a population or an existing phenomenon. Descriptive research is not a stand-alone research; it serves as a basis for other types of research. Descriptive research uses a set of scientific methods and procedures to collect data and create data structures that describe the characteristics (e.g. gender, occupation, income, academic qualification, age categories, political opinions, preferences towards PROTON, and purchase intentions) of a target population. Descriptive research designs are appropriate when the research objectives include determination of the degree to which marketing variables are related to the actual market phenomena. The researcher looks for answers to the how, who, what, when, and where questions concerning the components of a market Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is based on some previous understanding of the nature of the research problem . Although the researcher may have general understanding about the situation, he may need conclusive evidence from the research to determine the course of action. Many circumstances require descriptive research to explain the nature of things. Frequently, the basic understandings from exploratory research and the conclusive evidences of descriptive research are used to determine the extent of differences and association in certain variables among subgroups in a population. The study might also be interested in estimating the proportion of a population that has certain characteristics. Example: Mr. Fairuzsham, a manager of DCinta Enterprise in Machang, wants to focus on cosmetic product by offering some additional items with the particular brands. He believed that 12 to 15 year old girls cared a lot about fragrances, lipstick, and mascara, but he lacked quantitative evidence. He conducts a descriptive research to identify the characteristics of his customers. This research found that 40% of the young girls use facial cream, 30% use fragrance and 20% use lip-gloss and another 10% use more than one product category. The study also found that 60% of customers who use cosmetics are loyal to certain brands, and another 40% do not care much about brand. In addition, 70% of the customers who are brand loyal choose the brand advertised by their favorite female artist. 2 The experimental research design In the experimental research is where participants are assigned to groups based on some selected criterion often called the treatment variable. In other words, experimental research is one way to test the presence of cause-and-effect relationship. Causal research design Often, there is confusion on the interpretation of causal research design process regarding to the term relationship. The basis of the term relationship goes into two distinctions, the cause and effect relationship and associational relationship between variables. Although both distinctions mentioned are about the relationship between variables, the difference between these two distinctions is cause and effect relationship provides better understanding regarding the relationship between variables. However, depending on the design of the study, if the study wants to determine the cause of one or more variables, it is called a causal study. However, if the study is interested in determining the important variable associated with the problem, this study is called co-relational study. For example, does smoking cause cancer? refers to the question for causal study. Rather, are smoking and cancer related? refers to the co-relational study. Causal research is designed to col lect raw data structures and information that will allow the decision maker or researcher to model the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables. Causal research is most appropriate when the research objective includes the need to understand the reasons why the market responses change when certain economic variables change. It can be used to understand the functional relationship between the causal factors and the effect predicted on the market performance variable under investigation. This type of research design allows decision makers to gain the highest level of understanding in the research process. In addition, understanding the cause-effect relationships among market factors allow the manager to make if-then statements about the variables. Causal research designs offer opportunity for identifying, determining, and explaining causality among critical market factors, they tend to be complex, expensive, and time consuming. Among the different data collect ion techniques available, experimental designs hold the greatest potential for establishing cause-effect relationship because they allow researchers to investigate changes in one variable while manipulating one or two other variables under controlled conditions. Quasi-experimental research In the quasi-experimental research, the respondents are pre-assigned to groups based on some characteristic or quality these people bring to the study. For example, differences in gender, level of education, age group, program of study, economic status, and political preference are among the characteristics. The quasi-experimental method is most suitable when a researcher cannot assign people to groups and test the effects of group membership on some other outcome. Quasi-experimental research also called post hoc research or after-the-fact research since the actual research takes place after the assignment of groups such as employed versus unemployed, malnourished versus non-malnourished, male versus female. Because assignment has already taken place, the researcher has a degree of control over the cause of whatever effects are being examined. The comparison among research designs Exploratory Descriptive Causal Objective: Discover the insights and new ideas about the problem at hand. To confirm a problem Describe the problem at hand and relate to the characteristics of the population under study Determine cause and effect between the independent and dependent variables Characteristics: Flexible, versatile, does not base on proper research design. Based on specific objectives, research questions, and research hypotheses of the study Manipulation of one or more independent variables, and the control of other variables Methods: Expert interviews, pilot surveys, analyze secondary data, and qualitative research. Structured data collection method, proper statistical data analysis procedure Laboratory experiments, changes in the rate of interest by Bank Negara, changes in government policy on import tax, etc Example of possible findings: The volume of sale is declining. However, the exact factor is still unclear at this stage The volume of car sale s is significantly related to specific factors such as high rate of interest, rising cost of petrol, etc The rate of interest on car loan, the import duty, and certain government policies affect the sale of cars in the country The major classifications of research design are exploratory, descriptive, and causal research design. However, the distinctions among these classifications are not absolute. For example, a research project may involve more than one type of research design and serve for several purposes. In other words, a combination of research design may be employed depending on the nature of the problem. For instance, problem definition begins with an exploratory research when little is known. Exploratory research is the initial step in the overall research design framework followed by descriptive or causal research. Nevertheless, it is not necessary to begin every research design with exploratory research. The decisions depend upon the precision with which the pro blem has been defined and the researchers degree of certainty about the approach to the problem. Exploratory research may also follow descriptive or causal research. Basically, exploratory research is conducted to understand the research findings of descriptive or causal research. This situation happens when the results are difficult to interpret into the real situation. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is based on some previous understanding of the nature of the research problem. Although the researcher may have general understanding about the situation, they need conclusive evidence of the answer required to determine the course of action. Many circumstances require descriptive research to explain the nature of things. Frequently, the basic understandings from exploratory research and the conclusive evidences of descriptive research are used to determine the extent of differences and association in certain variables among subgroups in a population. Besides, the study is also interested in estimating the proportion of a population that has certain characteristics. 1.8 Characteristics of a good research High-quality research is characterized by many characteristics and certain characteristics tend to be related. Among the characteristics are: It is based on the work of previous researchers in the area. This does not necessarily mean that the new researcher duplicates their work, but the new researcher refers the work of others and continues from where they stopped. In other words, a new researcher continues from where the earlier researcher finished their work in order to improve what has already been achieved. If the new researcher does not continue from where they finish, he might be repeating the same work all over again or he is re-inventing the same wheel! It can be replicated in another set of population. If a research examines the relationship between problem-solving ability and arithmetic reasoning of primary school students, the same study should also be replicable to the secondary school students for two reasons. First, one of the hallmarks of any credible scien tific finding is that it is applicable. Second, if the results of an experiment can be replicated, they serve as a basis for further research in the same area. It is generalizable to other population possessing similar characteristics. In other words, the conclusion from the study can also be applied to other population if their characteristics are almost equal. A good research is based on certain rationale and it relates to certain theoretical foundation. Research does not stand alone as just interesting questions without the logical theory. Major areas of research need to be broken into smaller elements, and all these elements need to be tied together in a framework with a theory. Research can generate new questions and it is cyclical in nature. Research is incremental, that is it expands from small to larger scope. Research is an activity undertaken for the betterment of society. Research and development is an effort to find means and ways to improve the present qu ality of products and services, and also the method of doing some other thing in life. Technically, a good research must have the following characteristics: The research purpose is clearly defined. No ambiguity arises at all. The outline of research process is explained in detail Research design is thoroughly planned and clearly understood High ethical standards of research are applied all the time. Limitations are revealed and the scope of research is properly defined. The method of data analysis and statistical tests to be employed is adequately explained and justified. Research findings are presented clearly and unambiguously Conclusions and recommendations regarding the problem under study are clearly stated and explained. 1.9 Basic ethics in research Researchers should observe and follow the research ethics at all time during their research. The ethics in research refer to a code of conduct or expected societal norm of behavior of researchers while conducting research. Ethical conduct applies to the researchers themselves, the organization involved in the research project, the organization sponsoring the research, and the respondents who participate in the research. The basic principles of ethical research are: Protection from harm Researchers, respondents and individuals involved in the study must be protected. If there is any doubt that there is certain risk involved, then the research project should not be undertaken in the first place. Maintenance of privacy The work of researchers is confidential. The researchers should not reveal the identity of their respondents involved in the study. The data collected from respondents should be kept confidential at all time and should only be used for the research at hand. Coercion The respondents are participating in the study at their own will. Their response to during data collection should be free from any influence. Even, the respondents are free to participate or not participate in the study. Informed consent the respondents should be made to understand the rationale for the research and they should agree to waive their right to privacy when they participate in the research activities. Confidentiality the researcher needs to give assurance to respondents that their identity would not be revealed, and the information given is treated as private and confidential. Sharing the findings after the study has been completed, the report should be presented to the audience. The report should also be made available to be viewed by the respondents who participated in the study. 1.10 Overview of basic steps in research process The need for a research planning and its processes: To identify research problem and write its problem statement To formulate the problem statement into research objectives, research questions, and research hypothesis to be tested. To collect data and perform the required data analysis. To write a report and present to the management. Figure 1.1: Phases of the Research Process Sources: William zikmund: pg: 59 1.11 Stages in the research process Each of the six stages in the research process described below; Identifying the problem for research The research task is to clarify a problem, to evaluate a program or to define an opportunity. Problem definition is the indication of specific business decision area that will be clarified by answering some research questions (William Zikmund, 2003). Problem definition allows a researcher to set the proper research objectives. If the purpose of the research is clear, the chances of collecting the necessary and relevant information. Exploratory research is usually conducted during the initial stage of the research process (more will be said about exploratory, descriptive and causal in chapter 4). The purpose of the exploratory research process is to progressively narrow the scope of the research topic and to transform discovered problems into defined ones, incorporating specific research objectives. There are 4 basic categories of techniques for obtaining insight and gaining a clearer idea of a problem: Secondary data; The data have been previously collected by other par ty for their purpose which might not be similar to the one at hand. Pilot studies; Researcher collects data from the similar research population to serve as a guide for a proper study. Case studies The exploratory research that intensively investigates the situations similar to the researchers problem situation at hand. Experience survey; Exploratory research techniques in which individuals who are knowledgeable about a particular research problem are surveyed. Planning the research design A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or blueprint that plans the action for the research projects. The objectives of the research methods, the available data sources, the urgency of the decision, and the cost of obtaining the data will determined which method is chosen. (William zikmund, 2003). Sampling Sampling involves any procedures that use a small number of items or a portion of a population to make conclusion regarding the whole population. In other words, a sample is a subset from a larger population (Zikmund, 2003). The sampling question that must be asked: Who is to be the sampled? How big should the sample be? How the sampling units are to be selected? There are two types of sampling techniques can be used probability sampling or non probability sampling (more will be chapter 9). Collecting data There are many methods of data collections. When the survey methods is utilized, some form of direct participation by the respondent is necessary during the process. The respondents may participate by filling out a questionnaire or by interacting with an interviewer. Often there are two phases to the process of collecting data; pretesting A pre-testing phase, using a small subsample, may determine whether the data collection plan for the study is an appropriate procedure. The main study The process of collecting data from the selected respondents in the actual population for the study. Processing and analyzing data Data processing generally begins with the editing and coding of the data. Editing involves checking the data collection forms for omissions, legibility, and consistency in classification. The editing process corrects problems such as interviewer error before the data transferred to a computer or ready for tabulation. Analysis is the application of reasoning to understand and interpret the data that have been collected. Statistical analysis may range from portraying a simple frequency distribution to very complex multivariate analysis, such as multiple regressions. Conclusion and preparing a report The final stage in the research process is to interpret the information and draw conclusions relevant to managerial decisions. The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. The written report serves several purpose such as it is a historical document, a record that may be referred to later if the research is to be repeated or it further research is to be based on what has come before. EXERCISES MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. _____ is the application of the scientific method in searching for the truth about business phenomena. a. Induction b. Application research c. Business research d. Science 2. All of the following are important aspects of the business research process EXCEPT: a. searching for and collecting information b. idea and theory development c. analyzing data d. making results publicly available 3. Which of the following are the two types of research based on the specificity of its purpose? a. basic and applied b. scientific and non-scientific c. cross-sectional and qualitative d. quantitative and secondary 4. _____ is conducted to address a specific business decision for a specific firm or organization. a. Basic business research b. Qualitative business research c. Quantitative business research d. Applied business research 5. Which type of research tries to verify a theory or to l earn more about a concept and is not intended to solve a particular business problem? a. performance-monitoring research b. basic research c. total quality management d. the scientific method 6. Which of the following refers to the way researchers go about using knowledge and evidence to reach objective conclusions about the real world? a. qualitative method b. quantitative method c. scientific method d. primary method 7. When a manager decides not to do research because a decision needs to be made before the results of the study can be analyzed, this is an example of which aspect in the determination of the need for marketing research? a. nature of the decision b. time constraints c. availability of the data d. cost considerations For each situation above, state whether it is a basic or an applied research and give reasons for your answer. a) Define exploratory research. Explain three (3) interrelat ed purposes for exploratory research. (7m) b) List and briefly explain four (4) major factors that must be considered if you want to conduct Business Research. (8m)

Economics The Supply And Demand Curve Essay - 1441 Words

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Economics can be subdivided into microeconomics, which examines the behavior of firms, consumers and the role of government; and macro economics, which looks at inflation, unemployment, industrial production, and the role of government (Investor Word, 2008). Economics can be further divided to include positive economics and normative economics. Positive economics is the study of what is, and how theRead MoreDemand and Supply Assignment1584 Words   |  7 PagesDemand and supply is an economic system and fundamental concepts for economics who as determined the price of market. It was conclusion, the unit price level of a good essentially was determined by the point who demands and supply was intercept in a same level and same point. The price system only working in a market economy if they’re having a free choice with the market. Demand is represent how many about the quantity of a goods is what the customers wanted. Its refer to about the abilityRead MoreThe Key Concepts in Economics851 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts in Economics Markisha Dill William Creamer Principle Of Economics May 31, 2015 Before sitting down to complete this assignment, I thought thoroughly about economics as a whole. My interest was whether economics was considered an exact since, i.e. Mathematics. Economics has been described as a science, numerous times. So in my search to find out whether economics was a science, I looked at an online dictionary to see how these words were defined. First I looked at economics. The definitionRead MoreMacro Eco1739 Words   |  7 Pagesgraph showing the different quantities of two goods that an economy can efficiently produce with limited productive resources. Points along the curve describe the trade-off between the two goods, that is, the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost here measures how much an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good. The curve illustrates that increasing production of one good reduces maximum production of the other good as resources are transferred away from the other good

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism

Nominalism and realism are the two most distinguished positions in western metaphysics dealing with the fundamental structure of reality. According to realists, all entities can be grouped into two categories: particulars and universals. Nominalists instead argue that there are only particulars.   How Do Realists Understand Reality? Realists postulate the existence of two kinds of entities, particulars, and universals. Particulars resemble each other because they share universals; for example, each particular dog has four legs, can bark, and has a tail.  Universals can also resemble each other by sharing other universals; for example, wisdom and generosity resemble each other in that they are both virtues.  Plato and Aristotle were among the most famous realists. The intuitive plausibility of realism is evident. Realism allows us to take seriously the subject-predicate structure of discourse through which we represent the world. When we say that Socrates is wise it is because there are both Socrates (the particular) and wisdom (the universal) and the particular exemplifies the universal. Realism also can explain the use we often make of abstract reference. Sometimes qualities are subjects of our discourse, as when we  say that wisdom is a virtue or that red is a color. The realist can interpret these discourses as asserting that there is a universal (wisdom; red) that exemplifies another universal (virtue; color). How Do Nominalists Understand Reality? Nominalists offer a radical definition of reality: there are no universals, only particulars. The basic idea is that the world is made exclusively from particulars and the universals are of our own making. They stem from our representational system (the way we think about the world) or from our language (the way we speak of the world). Because of this, nominalism is clearly tied in a close manner also to epistemology  (the study of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion). If there are only particulars, then there is no virtue, apples, or genders. There are, instead, human conventions that tend to group objects or ideas into categories. Virtue exists only because we say it does: not because there is a universal abstraction of virtue. Apples only exist as a particular type of fruit because we as humans have categorized a group of particular fruits in a particular way. Maleness and femaleness, as well, exist only in human thought and language. The most distinguished nominalists include Medieval philosophers William of Ockham (1288-1348) and John Buridan (1300-1358) as well as contemporary philosopher Willard van Orman Quine. Problems for Nominalism and Realism The debate between supporters of those two opposed camps spurred some of the most puzzling problems in metaphysics, such as the puzzle of the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the 1001 cats, and the so-called problem of exemplification (that is, the problem of how particulars and universals can be related to each other).   Its puzzles like these which render the debate regarding the fundamental categories of metaphysics so challenging and fascinating.

Essay about Ethnography Ainu - 2155 Words

Ethnography: Ainu Worldview The Ainu, Japan’s native aboriginal people, are very much an isolated people, living now only in the northern island of Japan, Hokkaido. They number, as of a 1984 survey, 24,381, continuing a rise from a low point in the mid nineteenth century due to forced labor and disease, and have largely left their old ways and integrated into standard Japanese society, though even the majority of those still reside in Hokkaido. The animistic religion of the Ainu is firmly enmeshed with every other aspect of the culture. Family and Kinship Most Ainu organize in groups of nuclear families, the nuclear family being the basic social unit (Encyclopedia). Some groups, however, have extended families, but are†¦show more content†¦During the 70s Ainu revival, many intellectual Ainu saw an opportunity to spread their ideas and oral traditions in print, and were not ignored, providing financial support for the Ainu arts (Dab 10). Politics As an indigenous and oft-oppressed people, forced back by the Japanese for centuries from their native lands to only the Northern part of Japan’s Northernmost island, the Ainu did not focus on politics outside of their community, especially in Japan’s blindly homogenous culture. â€Å"After World War II, the first Ainu political part, the Sinei Undo, had formed and though it only counted 5% of Ainu among its members it was the largest political association of Ainu at the time, and had branches in the major Ainu communities† (Dabb 10). In their settlements, Ainu usually have a single male decision-making leader per settlement, who makes his decisions with the advice of the elders in the settlement (Encyclopedia). The elders are opposed by shamans, who, frequently being female, allow for more of a sexual balance of power in the settlement. A few groups of small settlements are under the control of larger settlements, but this is uncommon. The political leader of a community is always the host of a bear ritual, which usually attracts the leaders of the nearby settlements (Encyclopedia). Language Ainu language has, like the Ainu themselves, a past wrapped in mystery. Of the known language families, such as Indo-European, the basis of English,Show MoreRelatedTattoos : a Permanent Mark on Pop Culture Essay6526 Words   |  27 Pagescommunication among spies. Markings identified the spies and showed their rank. Romans marked criminals and slaves. This practice is still carried on today. The Ainu people of western Asia used tattooing to show social status. Girls coming of age were marked to announce their place in society, as were the married women. The Ainu are noted for introducing tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. In Borneo, women were the tattooists. It was a cultural traditionRead MoreEssay on Birth: The Beginning of Life2455 Words   |  10 Pagesmale-dominated field of anthropology. Until quite recently in the history of anthropology, our views of social organization consistently ignored the many and varied places of women in society, resulting in a distorted theory and an impoverished ethnography (Jordan 5). By exploring childbirth, one can gain insight into the lives of women in any culture. Parturition in non-human primate societies Childbirth is inherently natural. All non-human primates experience childbirth, as they are all mammalsRead MoreThe Myths of Cultural Globalization Essay3502 Words   |  15 Pagesand what they actually do or mean is often a very different matter. Good ethnography combines detailed empirical research with larger political and philosophical questions. The anthropologist, who goes into the field for an extended period of time (on average 12-18 months), attempts to take the perspective of the people he/she studies and represent his/her findings to a wider audience. The resulting ethnography is a translation, shifting between the perspective of the cultural insider andRead MoreAgrarian Magic: 20 Theories on the Origin of Religion8239 Words   |  33 Pagesquestions about religion, and while we cant evaluate the veracity of religion’s claims, we can attempt to understand its functions. The methods of comparative religion, comparative mythology, with interdisciplinary analysis throughout the fields of ethnography, neuroscience, psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, and linguistics have made a lot of progress in the last 100 years, with a boom of database-driven analysis in the last decade. There are a number of theories attempting to explain the

Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral...

Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach Depression in Children: Cognitive Behavioral Approach Patricia Kilgore University of Phoenix Depression in Children and a Cognitive Behavioral Approach Depression in children stem from a variety of factors relating to health, history, life events, genetic vulnerabilities, family history, and biochemical imbalances. Every individual shows different symptoms when suffering from depression; however, these symptoms interfere with the child’s daily living at school and home. Psychotherapy and medication are the most common treatments for children with depression (Depression in†¦show more content†¦With CBT, the client must be willing to change. A lack of commitment will not support the effort needed for CBT to be successful that poses a disadvantage of the approach. Another disadvantage of CBT is the focus only on the present does not allow the possible underlying problems to be addressed contributing to future emotional distress. Including the client’s family during the therapeutic process from a CBT-Family Focused Therapy (FFT) approach, the therapist can identify conflicts and unhealthy patterns of behavior that possibly could be contributing to the child’s depression. A CBT-FFT approach provides the family members to develop more effective ways to resolve conflict and improve communications and behaviors among the family unit. Furthermore, the therapist educates the family on the symptoms and course of the child’s disorder to manage better and minimize future relapses from the child. Research shows â€Å"†¦FFT to be effective in helping the client become stabilized and preventing relapse (â€Å"Psychotherapies,† 2012).† FFT focuses on restructuring the interactions of the family unit by educating the members of the disorder, building skills to better cope with the stress associated with the disorder, and teaching families to solve any problems together. Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Issues Treating childhood disorders with medication reflect value differences. Cultural differences in educational expectations ofShow MoreRelatedDepression in Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 PagesDepression in Adolescents Depression is a huge plague in the world. 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According to Meyer, Chapman, and Weaver (2009); â€Å"Eventually, her parents removed her from public school and home schooledRead MoreEnhancing the Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Session: A Case Analysis1549 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Therapy: Daniel Yardley is a 25 year old African American male living alone off campus but with a presentation style that appears to be incongruent with his responses. The individual has reported feelings of anxiety and depression but in a confident, upbeat, and secure manner. During the counseling session, Daniel appeared reluctant to offer great details to questions and avoided any eye contact. In addition to denying any homicidal and suicidal ideation, he also reported no past counselingRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood experiences and attachments are crucial to our emotional development. Children around this country are abused and neglected every second. â€Å"Childhood maltreatment also represents a serious public health concern, with an estimated 3.3 million referrals to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment in 2005† (Bentley Widom, 2009). Those children who are abused eventually become adults whom suffered from childhood trauma. Although a trauma may be considered to be in the pastRead MoreConduct Disorders1401 Words   |  6 PagesConduct Disorder is often times resentful and short-tempered. The basis of Conduct Disorder is a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Treatment plans should include behavior therapy with the client, family therapy, if they family is involved and medication support from a psychiatrist. In this paper the author will discuss treatment and intervention strategies to work with people who have this disorde r. In addition, the author will describe the theoretical basis for theRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression3114 Words   |  13 PagesTreatments for Childhood Depression Abstract This paper discusses various published articles and literature that report on results from research conducted on the effectiveness of various approaches in treating childhood depression. The articles vary in their topics and strategies. This paper will examine each article and focus on treatments that have been proven to improve the symptoms of childhood depression. Methods Through extensive research on treatments of childhood depression, this paperRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1502 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy, in its most modern form, was developed in 1960 by Aaron T. Beck. However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreAfrican American Women Living With Hiv Aids1576 Words   |  7 Pagesunderemployment and mental health issues are contributing factors to the rise of the disease in the African American community. Those living with HIV/AIDS, primarily African American women, deal with stigmatization, depression and issues with lac k of family support. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), is an evidence-based intervention used to enhance the well-being of these women and provide them with skills to enhance their quality of life. 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Major Depressive Disorder consists of at least a two-week episode in which a person’s mood is lowered and can be accompanied with low self-esteem, diminished interest in most activities the individual once enjoyed, low energy, sleep

The Forgotten Offenders Free Essays

â€Å"The Forgotten Offenders† Until recently the female offender was generally overlooked by an overwhelmingly male-dominated criminal justice system. There are so few women in prison in then men. Approximately 5,600 out of 196,000 inmates in state and federal prisons are women. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forgotten Offenders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of the small proportion of female prisoners, female facilities are not as well-equipped as male prisons. Educational and vocational training programs are limited. Life requires a plan in all of at least five basic life areas. These include: †¢ Subsistence Residence †¢ Children and family †¢ Health, mental health and sobriety †¢ Criminal justice compliance The ability to function successfully in the community requires a plan in all of the areas and equipping woman in each of these areas is masked by prisons. The criminal justice system discourages women from coming together, trusting, speaking about personal issues, and forming relationships. Women engage more often in self-mutilating behaviors, such as cutting, as well as verbally abusive and disruptive behaviors. They are also more likely to have a coexisting psychiatric disorder, have lower self-esteem, and more likely to use prescribed medications. With the higher rate of mental illness among female offenders, high rates of medication are given to them. The chance that they will become addicted to the medication is extremely high. Based on the crimes woman commit, they inconvenience society less then the crimes men commit and are usually non-violent and do not present a risk to public safety. These reasons alone should sentence women to community corrections whenever possible. This is important for several reasons: †¢ To reduce the incidence and the costs of incarceration †¢ To improve outcomes for women and their children †¢ To demonstrate an approach that may also be more effective with men. However, due to lack of treatment programs provided, most women in the criminal justice system are poor, undereducated, and unskilled. They are likely to re-offend and end up incarcerated again How to cite The Forgotten Offenders, Papers

Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Question: Describe the Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility? Answer: Introduction: As globalization grips each nation corporates, businesses have grown much more cautious regarding the different practices and responsibilities linked to each of the responsible parties. This has led to consumers being more cautious and demanding towards each of the stake holders contribution. This has led to consumers closely observing each businesses ethics and how the business or corporation handles its social responsibilities. Both are independent departments but at the same time they must work together so as to deliver the desired results to the consumer. To identify and evaluate these results its important to compare different organisation ethic approaches as well as their contribution to social responsibilities using specific criterion Business Ethics Business ethics involves the use of information and approaches which are considered good and acceptable to societies and individuals. Business ethics cover a wide number of areas ranging from responsible raw materials extraction to customer satisfaction. Each of these areas must be addressed in the correct manner if an organisation is to be classified to have or follow acceptable business ethics. Business Ethics follow a similar approach as normal Ethics but include several business oriented aspects which require proper addressing. Some important ethical aspects which must be observed by businesses include: Acceptable Raw Material Sourcing Raw materials are a basic necessity for every industry or product to be manufactured but the extraction and mining of certain raw materials has raised negative questions. This is because certain companies have over exploited the raw materials sources which have resulted in environment degradation. Its very important for the corporation and businesses to practice and implement sustainability programs which will help addressing the environmental degradation and over exploitation concerns. Manufacturing and Waste Management Product manufacturing has been identified to result in the production of considerable amounts of organic and synthetic wastes. Its important for the organisation to address this concern and help monitors and control waste production before, during and after the manufacturing process. This can be done is a verity of ways including recycling and use of biodegradable materials which will reduce the pressure on the environment during the biodegrading process. Its also important for the corporation and companies to promote the use of packaging materials which can be reused, this is also known as upcycling. Upcycling helps reduce the amount of waste leaving our homes and offices thus reducing the amount of waste being sent to landfills and incineration plants. Employee Social and Health Needs Another important aspect linked to business ethics is catering for employee needs. In the past companies considered employees as paid labour that can be replaced but today many companies acknowledge the importance of employees. Employees are the back bone of any companies of businesses operation and providing company employees with comfortable facilities improves there performance and ultimately productivity. This in turn results in the business or organisation making more profits. The increasing demand for professional employees has also resulted in employees having alternative employment option thus allowing them to select jobs which offer better employee facilities. This has also resulted in companies offering higher wages but studies show employees are more keep on the facilities offered by the employer as compared to the wages. Product/ Service Quality The modern consumer is also looking to buy only high quality products and services making this another ethical aspect consumers expect from manufacturers. Its important for the manufacturer to deliver high quality products or services so as to prove their commitment towards delivering quality to the consumer. As living expenses increase so does the demand for higher quality and more durable products and services which will reduce the requirement to constantly replace products over shorter periods. Social Responsibility Social responsibility involves an organisation, business or individuals contribution towards assisting the community or their contribution towards social cause. Once again social responsibilities can range widely and will usually depend on the implementer or organisations social responsibility choice. Some common examples social responsibilities include the following: Offering Free Health and Education and Skill Development Facilities Health and education remain a major public requirement in most communities across the globe but a large proportion of people are unable to afford the facilities due to lack of adequate financial; income. Businesses or corporation have therefore invested their own funds toward setting up and offering free or very affordable medical, educations and training facilities to the under privileged communities. This is mainly done in and around areas the company operates. And helps improve the communitys long term well-being. Offering Employment Opportunities to Local Communities Social responsibility also takes the form of offering employment to local communitys surrounding the business or corporation plants and factories. The number of employees selected from the local communities will depend on level of expertise required but in most situations training programs will be provided to help train locals on the required skills. Combining the education, training and employment opportunities plays a huge role towards promoting the organisation social responsibilities as they participate towards improving the communitys welfare and wellbeing. Social responsibility can also take the form of offering local communities with orders for certain product especially agricultural produce. This allows them to specialize on producing specific products for the company at agreed rates resulting in secure income sources. Contributing Towards Environmental Concerns As the global population increases so does the demand for products and services and this is leading to serious pressures on the environment. Waste production and pollution are affecting communitys health and resulting in serious environment degradation. While many companies and organisations are working to reduce their contribution towards pollution and waste production, its important to also contribute towards the clean-up efforts. Its important the organisations and businesses concentrate on every aspect linked to creating a cleaner environment. Most consumers are growing cautious and expect companies to follow environmentally ethical approaches during the manufacture and production of goods and services. Effects of the Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility As the number of manufacturing units and brands increase competition is also increasing but more importantly is that the consumer has more alternative option. With more options comes the ability for the consumer to set their demands which companies must meet of risk losing their customers to other competitor brands. This has made the consumer very powerful and today companies are considering the consumer needs before their own since the consumer is also constantly comparing the different brands. This has had many benefits such as the reduction of product and service prices but at the same time the biggest impact has been felt on business ethics and social responsibilities. Companies have had to cater to the consumer as well as the communities needs so to be accepted by the consumer with companies following unethical approaches loosing there reputation and business. Conclusion Business Ethics and social responsibilities must coordinate and work together as they depend on each other. Business ethics and social responsibilities affect each person linked to the production process beginning from raw material production to the sales person. Business ethics and social responsibility must take each person aspect in to consideration as this would help address organisations, public and consumer requirement so as to improve them. Its also critical that every company or business concentrate on business ethics and social responsibilities issues closely so as to ensure each members needs has bee is catered to. Failing to address consumer and social needs will definitely result in the company experience complications which will ultimately result in serious losses and failure thus making business ethics and social responsibilities a critical requirement for every business today.