Economics The Supply And Demand Curve Essay - 1441 Words

Introduction This term paper would discuss Uber’s pricing in term of facing the fundamental concept of economics: the supply and demand curve. Uber is one of the pioneers of ride-sharing and its’ brand name has dominated headlines over the past year alongside mentions of the â€Å"sharing economy†. The Uber’s pricing that would be discussed is their surge price, because this volatile pricing will impact their demand within their limited supply of drivers, and important factor to survive from the competition between other transportations services, either online transportation applications or conventional transportation services, such as taxi cab, commercial car pool, and limo. These Uber’s surge price relates to price setting and price discrimination of microeconomics study. Facts/ History Taxi markets have long needed innovation. In theory, the entry should be easy—all that is needed is a car and a driving license—with new drivers keeping cab fares close to costs. Yet in many cities, cabs are far from that competitive ideal. Decades of regulation conspire to keep entrants out. Taxi markets often end up suspiciously clubby, with cabs in short supply and fat profits for the vehicle owners. Antitrust concerns have been raised in Australia, Ireland, and Bulgaria among others. Uber goals to switch all of this. Uber launched in San Francisco in 2010 it lets passengers hail drivers from their smartphones—a move requiring even less effort than extending your arm. Some vehicles areShow MoreRelatedEconomics An Overview: Article Analysis Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness objectives. Economics used as a tool to solve coordination problems. They include what and how much product to produce, how to produce their product, and for whom they are producing. In order to effectively answer these questions, economics is used. Colander (2006) describes economics as â€Å"the study of how human beings coordinate their wants and desires, given the decision-making mechanisms, social customs, and political realities of the society† (p. 4). The foundation of economics is based on severalRead MoreThe Demand And Supply Theory Of Microeconomics1055 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Samuelson and Nordhaus, â€Å"economics is a dynamic science and is central t o the concerns and problems around the globe† (2003). Microeconomics covers the micro aspects viz. fundamentals, elements of demand and supply, costs, production formation, revenue, markets etc. (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2003). With that being said, a good knowledge of these above listed aspects is necessary for management students as well as managers. Therefore, a thorough understanding of microeconomics and itsRead MoreOverview of Interrelated Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Curves1544 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Aggregate Supply Curve Variables One of the major facets and functions of modern macroeconomic and microeconomic theory are the interrelated aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves. This report will focus on the latter as well as the variables that are typically accepted to affect the aggregate supply curves. An example graph showing a hypothetical shift in the aggregate supply curve is included in the appendix of this report. Aggregate Supply Curve Summary As noted in the introduction,Read MoreEconomics and Growth Essays934 Words   |  4 PagesThe demand curve is likely to change upwards or rise as a result of changes in a number of factors. One, if there is a move up in the price of an alternative commodity, or decrease in price of the given commodity’s accompaniment. Two, if there is a rise in buyers’ income. Three, if the taste as well as preferencs of the consumers shifts in regard to the particular product or service under consideration. Four, when there is a decrease in the cost of borrowing. And finally, if there is an overall increaseRead MoreSupply And Demand Simulation Analysis1189 Words   |  5 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation The economy is a practice that relies on principles and concepts. The different focuses are based on a Macro and Micro perspective that creates the commercial and consumer environment. It is important to understand how these principles and concepts relate to the environment to create strategies that will, in return create profit and confident investments. The supply and demand simulation highlighted the important of just that from a commercial setting. Today’s housingRead MoreEconomics, The Law Of Supply And Demand1553 Words   |  7 PagesIn economics, the law of supply and demand is a fundamental tool of economic analysis used to study issues as diverse as inflation and unemployment, the effects of taxes on prices, government regulation of business, and environmental protection. In order to show how prices and quantities are determined in free markets, economists must refer to supply and demand curves. Every market consists of both buyers and sellers. For without buyers and sellers an economy would not be able to function and inRead MoreEconomics in Todays Society1075 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics is defined as the study of how the forces of supply and demand allocate scarce resources. Economics can be subdivided into microeconomics, which examines the behavior of firms, consumers and the role of government; and macro economics, which looks at inflation, unemployment, industrial production, and the role of government (Investor Word, 2008). Economics can be further divided to include positive economics and normative economics. Positive economics is the study of what is, and how theRead MoreDemand and Supply Assignment1584 Words   |  7 PagesDemand and supply is an economic system and fundamental concepts for economics who as determined the price of market. It was conclusion, the unit price level of a good essentially was determined by the point who demands and supply was intercept in a same level and same point. The price system only working in a market economy if they’re having a free choice with the market. Demand is represent how many about the quantity of a goods is what the customers wanted. Its refer to about the abilityRead MoreThe Key Concepts in Economics851 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts in Economics Markisha Dill William Creamer Principle Of Economics May 31, 2015 Before sitting down to complete this assignment, I thought thoroughly about economics as a whole. My interest was whether economics was considered an exact since, i.e. Mathematics. Economics has been described as a science, numerous times. So in my search to find out whether economics was a science, I looked at an online dictionary to see how these words were defined. First I looked at economics. The definitionRead MoreMacro Eco1739 Words   |  7 Pagesgraph showing the different quantities of two goods that an economy can efficiently produce with limited productive resources. Points along the curve describe the trade-off between the two goods, that is, the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost here measures how much an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good. The curve illustrates that increasing production of one good reduces maximum production of the other good as resources are transferred away from the other good

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism

Nominalism and realism are the two most distinguished positions in western metaphysics dealing with the fundamental structure of reality. According to realists, all entities can be grouped into two categories: particulars and universals. Nominalists instead argue that there are only particulars.   How Do Realists Understand Reality? Realists postulate the existence of two kinds of entities, particulars, and universals. Particulars resemble each other because they share universals; for example, each particular dog has four legs, can bark, and has a tail.  Universals can also resemble each other by sharing other universals; for example, wisdom and generosity resemble each other in that they are both virtues.  Plato and Aristotle were among the most famous realists. The intuitive plausibility of realism is evident. Realism allows us to take seriously the subject-predicate structure of discourse through which we represent the world. When we say that Socrates is wise it is because there are both Socrates (the particular) and wisdom (the universal) and the particular exemplifies the universal. Realism also can explain the use we often make of abstract reference. Sometimes qualities are subjects of our discourse, as when we  say that wisdom is a virtue or that red is a color. The realist can interpret these discourses as asserting that there is a universal (wisdom; red) that exemplifies another universal (virtue; color). How Do Nominalists Understand Reality? Nominalists offer a radical definition of reality: there are no universals, only particulars. The basic idea is that the world is made exclusively from particulars and the universals are of our own making. They stem from our representational system (the way we think about the world) or from our language (the way we speak of the world). Because of this, nominalism is clearly tied in a close manner also to epistemology  (the study of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion). If there are only particulars, then there is no virtue, apples, or genders. There are, instead, human conventions that tend to group objects or ideas into categories. Virtue exists only because we say it does: not because there is a universal abstraction of virtue. Apples only exist as a particular type of fruit because we as humans have categorized a group of particular fruits in a particular way. Maleness and femaleness, as well, exist only in human thought and language. The most distinguished nominalists include Medieval philosophers William of Ockham (1288-1348) and John Buridan (1300-1358) as well as contemporary philosopher Willard van Orman Quine. Problems for Nominalism and Realism The debate between supporters of those two opposed camps spurred some of the most puzzling problems in metaphysics, such as the puzzle of the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the 1001 cats, and the so-called problem of exemplification (that is, the problem of how particulars and universals can be related to each other).   Its puzzles like these which render the debate regarding the fundamental categories of metaphysics so challenging and fascinating.

Essay about Ethnography Ainu - 2155 Words

Ethnography: Ainu Worldview The Ainu, Japan’s native aboriginal people, are very much an isolated people, living now only in the northern island of Japan, Hokkaido. They number, as of a 1984 survey, 24,381, continuing a rise from a low point in the mid nineteenth century due to forced labor and disease, and have largely left their old ways and integrated into standard Japanese society, though even the majority of those still reside in Hokkaido. The animistic religion of the Ainu is firmly enmeshed with every other aspect of the culture. Family and Kinship Most Ainu organize in groups of nuclear families, the nuclear family being the basic social unit (Encyclopedia). Some groups, however, have extended families, but are†¦show more content†¦During the 70s Ainu revival, many intellectual Ainu saw an opportunity to spread their ideas and oral traditions in print, and were not ignored, providing financial support for the Ainu arts (Dab 10). Politics As an indigenous and oft-oppressed people, forced back by the Japanese for centuries from their native lands to only the Northern part of Japan’s Northernmost island, the Ainu did not focus on politics outside of their community, especially in Japan’s blindly homogenous culture. â€Å"After World War II, the first Ainu political part, the Sinei Undo, had formed and though it only counted 5% of Ainu among its members it was the largest political association of Ainu at the time, and had branches in the major Ainu communities† (Dabb 10). In their settlements, Ainu usually have a single male decision-making leader per settlement, who makes his decisions with the advice of the elders in the settlement (Encyclopedia). The elders are opposed by shamans, who, frequently being female, allow for more of a sexual balance of power in the settlement. A few groups of small settlements are under the control of larger settlements, but this is uncommon. The political leader of a community is always the host of a bear ritual, which usually attracts the leaders of the nearby settlements (Encyclopedia). Language Ainu language has, like the Ainu themselves, a past wrapped in mystery. Of the known language families, such as Indo-European, the basis of English,Show MoreRelatedTattoos : a Permanent Mark on Pop Culture Essay6526 Words   |  27 Pagescommunication among spies. Markings identified the spies and showed their rank. Romans marked criminals and slaves. This practice is still carried on today. The Ainu people of western Asia used tattooing to show social status. Girls coming of age were marked to announce their place in society, as were the married women. The Ainu are noted for introducing tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. In Borneo, women were the tattooists. It was a cultural traditionRead MoreEssay on Birth: The Beginning of Life2455 Words   |  10 Pagesmale-dominated field of anthropology. Until quite recently in the history of anthropology, our views of social organization consistently ignored the many and varied places of women in society, resulting in a distorted theory and an impoverished ethnography (Jordan 5). By exploring childbirth, one can gain insight into the lives of women in any culture. Parturition in non-human primate societies Childbirth is inherently natural. All non-human primates experience childbirth, as they are all mammalsRead MoreThe Myths of Cultural Globalization Essay3502 Words   |  15 Pagesand what they actually do or mean is often a very different matter. Good ethnography combines detailed empirical research with larger political and philosophical questions. The anthropologist, who goes into the field for an extended period of time (on average 12-18 months), attempts to take the perspective of the people he/she studies and represent his/her findings to a wider audience. The resulting ethnography is a translation, shifting between the perspective of the cultural insider andRead MoreAgrarian Magic: 20 Theories on the Origin of Religion8239 Words   |  33 Pagesquestions about religion, and while we cant evaluate the veracity of religion’s claims, we can attempt to understand its functions. The methods of comparative religion, comparative mythology, with interdisciplinary analysis throughout the fields of ethnography, neuroscience, psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, and linguistics have made a lot of progress in the last 100 years, with a boom of database-driven analysis in the last decade. There are a number of theories attempting to explain the

Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral...

Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach Depression in Children: Cognitive Behavioral Approach Patricia Kilgore University of Phoenix Depression in Children and a Cognitive Behavioral Approach Depression in children stem from a variety of factors relating to health, history, life events, genetic vulnerabilities, family history, and biochemical imbalances. Every individual shows different symptoms when suffering from depression; however, these symptoms interfere with the child’s daily living at school and home. Psychotherapy and medication are the most common treatments for children with depression (Depression in†¦show more content†¦With CBT, the client must be willing to change. A lack of commitment will not support the effort needed for CBT to be successful that poses a disadvantage of the approach. Another disadvantage of CBT is the focus only on the present does not allow the possible underlying problems to be addressed contributing to future emotional distress. Including the client’s family during the therapeutic process from a CBT-Family Focused Therapy (FFT) approach, the therapist can identify conflicts and unhealthy patterns of behavior that possibly could be contributing to the child’s depression. A CBT-FFT approach provides the family members to develop more effective ways to resolve conflict and improve communications and behaviors among the family unit. Furthermore, the therapist educates the family on the symptoms and course of the child’s disorder to manage better and minimize future relapses from the child. Research shows â€Å"†¦FFT to be effective in helping the client become stabilized and preventing relapse (â€Å"Psychotherapies,† 2012).† FFT focuses on restructuring the interactions of the family unit by educating the members of the disorder, building skills to better cope with the stress associated with the disorder, and teaching families to solve any problems together. Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Issues Treating childhood disorders with medication reflect value differences. Cultural differences in educational expectations ofShow MoreRelatedDepression in Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 PagesDepression in Adolescents Depression is a huge plague in the world. The American Psychiatric Association reports that depression occurs if at least 5 of the following symptoms occur for at least 2 weeks: depressed or sad mood, decreased interest in activities that once was enjoyable, weight gain or loss, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, misplaced guilt, a lack of concentration, or even recurrent thoughts of death. Approximately 121 million people are affected by some form of depressionRead MoreApplication of Clinical Psychology1230 Words   |  5 Pagesof dollars in merchandise from Saks Fifth Avenue. Brief Overview: Wynona Ryder Arrested in 2001 and charged with grand theft and burglary, Winona Ryder reportedly has had previous shoplifting accounts as well (Meyer, Chapman, amp; Weaver, 2009). Her tumultuous childhood experiences (bullied for her appearance) accompanied with hippie-like parents caused Winona tremendous unease. According to Meyer, Chapman, and Weaver (2009); â€Å"Eventually, her parents removed her from public school and home schooledRead MoreEnhancing the Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Session: A Case Analysis1549 Words   |  6 PagesConducting Therapy: Daniel Yardley is a 25 year old African American male living alone off campus but with a presentation style that appears to be incongruent with his responses. The individual has reported feelings of anxiety and depression but in a confident, upbeat, and secure manner. During the counseling session, Daniel appeared reluctant to offer great details to questions and avoided any eye contact. In addition to denying any homicidal and suicidal ideation, he also reported no past counselingRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood experiences and attachments are crucial to our emotional development. Children around this country are abused and neglected every second. â€Å"Childhood maltreatment also represents a serious public health concern, with an estimated 3.3 million referrals to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment in 2005† (Bentley Widom, 2009). Those children who are abused eventually become adults whom suffered from childhood trauma. Although a trauma may be considered to be in the pastRead MoreConduct Disorders1401 Words   |  6 PagesConduct Disorder is often times resentful and short-tempered. The basis of Conduct Disorder is a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Treatment plans should include behavior therapy with the client, family therapy, if they family is involved and medication support from a psychiatrist. In this paper the author will discuss treatment and intervention strategies to work with people who have this disorde r. In addition, the author will describe the theoretical basis for theRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression3114 Words   |  13 PagesTreatments for Childhood Depression Abstract This paper discusses various published articles and literature that report on results from research conducted on the effectiveness of various approaches in treating childhood depression. The articles vary in their topics and strategies. This paper will examine each article and focus on treatments that have been proven to improve the symptoms of childhood depression. Methods Through extensive research on treatments of childhood depression, this paperRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1502 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy, in its most modern form, was developed in 1960 by Aaron T. Beck. However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreAfrican American Women Living With Hiv Aids1576 Words   |  7 Pagesunderemployment and mental health issues are contributing factors to the rise of the disease in the African American community. Those living with HIV/AIDS, primarily African American women, deal with stigmatization, depression and issues with lac k of family support. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), is an evidence-based intervention used to enhance the well-being of these women and provide them with skills to enhance their quality of life. Keywords: African-American, women, HIV/AIDS, poverty, interventionsRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 Pagesin child and youth, especially social anxiety disorder, which is among the most common mental health conditions. Also, the importance of social and psychological intervention in treating the respective disorder. Anxiety is normal body response and necessary inbuilt protective response mechanism. Which Protect us from danger and helps us survive(McLellan2016). Anxiety comprised thoughts, feelings, physical symptoms and behaviors (McLellan 2016). But when fear and worry becomes significant, ongoingRead MoreMajor Depressive Disorder ( Mdd )1363 Words   |  6 Pages Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a very common mental illness; it can affect anyone. Many people feel down, sad, or â€Å"blue† occasionally, but most the time is short-lived and passes quickly. Depression is more than grief after a loss or just feeling down and/or sad. Major Depressive Disorder consists of at least a two-week episode in which a person’s mood is lowered and can be accompanied with low self-esteem, diminished interest in most activities the individual once enjoyed, low energy, sleep

The Forgotten Offenders Free Essays

â€Å"The Forgotten Offenders† Until recently the female offender was generally overlooked by an overwhelmingly male-dominated criminal justice system. There are so few women in prison in then men. Approximately 5,600 out of 196,000 inmates in state and federal prisons are women. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forgotten Offenders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of the small proportion of female prisoners, female facilities are not as well-equipped as male prisons. Educational and vocational training programs are limited. Life requires a plan in all of at least five basic life areas. These include: †¢ Subsistence Residence †¢ Children and family †¢ Health, mental health and sobriety †¢ Criminal justice compliance The ability to function successfully in the community requires a plan in all of the areas and equipping woman in each of these areas is masked by prisons. The criminal justice system discourages women from coming together, trusting, speaking about personal issues, and forming relationships. Women engage more often in self-mutilating behaviors, such as cutting, as well as verbally abusive and disruptive behaviors. They are also more likely to have a coexisting psychiatric disorder, have lower self-esteem, and more likely to use prescribed medications. With the higher rate of mental illness among female offenders, high rates of medication are given to them. The chance that they will become addicted to the medication is extremely high. Based on the crimes woman commit, they inconvenience society less then the crimes men commit and are usually non-violent and do not present a risk to public safety. These reasons alone should sentence women to community corrections whenever possible. This is important for several reasons: †¢ To reduce the incidence and the costs of incarceration †¢ To improve outcomes for women and their children †¢ To demonstrate an approach that may also be more effective with men. However, due to lack of treatment programs provided, most women in the criminal justice system are poor, undereducated, and unskilled. They are likely to re-offend and end up incarcerated again How to cite The Forgotten Offenders, Papers

Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Question: Describe the Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility? Answer: Introduction: As globalization grips each nation corporates, businesses have grown much more cautious regarding the different practices and responsibilities linked to each of the responsible parties. This has led to consumers being more cautious and demanding towards each of the stake holders contribution. This has led to consumers closely observing each businesses ethics and how the business or corporation handles its social responsibilities. Both are independent departments but at the same time they must work together so as to deliver the desired results to the consumer. To identify and evaluate these results its important to compare different organisation ethic approaches as well as their contribution to social responsibilities using specific criterion Business Ethics Business ethics involves the use of information and approaches which are considered good and acceptable to societies and individuals. Business ethics cover a wide number of areas ranging from responsible raw materials extraction to customer satisfaction. Each of these areas must be addressed in the correct manner if an organisation is to be classified to have or follow acceptable business ethics. Business Ethics follow a similar approach as normal Ethics but include several business oriented aspects which require proper addressing. Some important ethical aspects which must be observed by businesses include: Acceptable Raw Material Sourcing Raw materials are a basic necessity for every industry or product to be manufactured but the extraction and mining of certain raw materials has raised negative questions. This is because certain companies have over exploited the raw materials sources which have resulted in environment degradation. Its very important for the corporation and businesses to practice and implement sustainability programs which will help addressing the environmental degradation and over exploitation concerns. Manufacturing and Waste Management Product manufacturing has been identified to result in the production of considerable amounts of organic and synthetic wastes. Its important for the organisation to address this concern and help monitors and control waste production before, during and after the manufacturing process. This can be done is a verity of ways including recycling and use of biodegradable materials which will reduce the pressure on the environment during the biodegrading process. Its also important for the corporation and companies to promote the use of packaging materials which can be reused, this is also known as upcycling. Upcycling helps reduce the amount of waste leaving our homes and offices thus reducing the amount of waste being sent to landfills and incineration plants. Employee Social and Health Needs Another important aspect linked to business ethics is catering for employee needs. In the past companies considered employees as paid labour that can be replaced but today many companies acknowledge the importance of employees. Employees are the back bone of any companies of businesses operation and providing company employees with comfortable facilities improves there performance and ultimately productivity. This in turn results in the business or organisation making more profits. The increasing demand for professional employees has also resulted in employees having alternative employment option thus allowing them to select jobs which offer better employee facilities. This has also resulted in companies offering higher wages but studies show employees are more keep on the facilities offered by the employer as compared to the wages. Product/ Service Quality The modern consumer is also looking to buy only high quality products and services making this another ethical aspect consumers expect from manufacturers. Its important for the manufacturer to deliver high quality products or services so as to prove their commitment towards delivering quality to the consumer. As living expenses increase so does the demand for higher quality and more durable products and services which will reduce the requirement to constantly replace products over shorter periods. Social Responsibility Social responsibility involves an organisation, business or individuals contribution towards assisting the community or their contribution towards social cause. Once again social responsibilities can range widely and will usually depend on the implementer or organisations social responsibility choice. Some common examples social responsibilities include the following: Offering Free Health and Education and Skill Development Facilities Health and education remain a major public requirement in most communities across the globe but a large proportion of people are unable to afford the facilities due to lack of adequate financial; income. Businesses or corporation have therefore invested their own funds toward setting up and offering free or very affordable medical, educations and training facilities to the under privileged communities. This is mainly done in and around areas the company operates. And helps improve the communitys long term well-being. Offering Employment Opportunities to Local Communities Social responsibility also takes the form of offering employment to local communitys surrounding the business or corporation plants and factories. The number of employees selected from the local communities will depend on level of expertise required but in most situations training programs will be provided to help train locals on the required skills. Combining the education, training and employment opportunities plays a huge role towards promoting the organisation social responsibilities as they participate towards improving the communitys welfare and wellbeing. Social responsibility can also take the form of offering local communities with orders for certain product especially agricultural produce. This allows them to specialize on producing specific products for the company at agreed rates resulting in secure income sources. Contributing Towards Environmental Concerns As the global population increases so does the demand for products and services and this is leading to serious pressures on the environment. Waste production and pollution are affecting communitys health and resulting in serious environment degradation. While many companies and organisations are working to reduce their contribution towards pollution and waste production, its important to also contribute towards the clean-up efforts. Its important the organisations and businesses concentrate on every aspect linked to creating a cleaner environment. Most consumers are growing cautious and expect companies to follow environmentally ethical approaches during the manufacture and production of goods and services. Effects of the Comparative Analysis on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility As the number of manufacturing units and brands increase competition is also increasing but more importantly is that the consumer has more alternative option. With more options comes the ability for the consumer to set their demands which companies must meet of risk losing their customers to other competitor brands. This has made the consumer very powerful and today companies are considering the consumer needs before their own since the consumer is also constantly comparing the different brands. This has had many benefits such as the reduction of product and service prices but at the same time the biggest impact has been felt on business ethics and social responsibilities. Companies have had to cater to the consumer as well as the communities needs so to be accepted by the consumer with companies following unethical approaches loosing there reputation and business. Conclusion Business Ethics and social responsibilities must coordinate and work together as they depend on each other. Business ethics and social responsibilities affect each person linked to the production process beginning from raw material production to the sales person. Business ethics and social responsibility must take each person aspect in to consideration as this would help address organisations, public and consumer requirement so as to improve them. Its also critical that every company or business concentrate on business ethics and social responsibilities issues closely so as to ensure each members needs has bee is catered to. Failing to address consumer and social needs will definitely result in the company experience complications which will ultimately result in serious losses and failure thus making business ethics and social responsibilities a critical requirement for every business today.

Paperless office and Cost Cutting

Question: Discuss about thePaperless Office and Cost Cutting. Answer: The Literature Review: The vision of the high quality, creativity, and efficiency, are the main ingredients of a profitable or successful business. The companies or businesses are paying emphasis on the factors that are affecting the profit and the growth. The companies are also seeking different ways to the internal operation and the growth of the company. The management is increasingly finding that the reduction of the paper consumption in the companies not only increases the efficiency but also helps in the cost cutting. Additionally, the less consumption of the paper may also help in earning a reputation for being conscious for the environmental changes. According to the theorist Lui and Stork, a paperless office was comparatively more distant when the concept came into the existence. Paper always remains the popular medium of documentation due to its tangibility, credibility, ease of use, compatibility, and portability with all the imaging equipment such as the facsimile units, printers, copiers, and scanners (Andersen, 2008). The research will help in identifying the reasons for still making paper in use in the offices, in spite of the increased popularity of the personal digital assistants and computers. With this the improvements in the technologies related to the mobile computing and screen technology, gives the best electronic alternative. Sellen and Harper also believe, that still the paper is in use as a result of the increased knowledge-based activities from the last few years. The activities which are knowledge based basically uses the mind for controlling and monitoring the information flow (SILVERMAN, 2005). Many of the workers for reading the report, requires the hard copy, so that they can, make notes or mark them up andcollaboratively bring both the mind and hands in the activities of the intensive document. It is believed by the researchers that unless the improvements in the technology make the documents of the digital annotating equivalent and easy as compared to the annotating paper documents, as this proess is manageable for the individuals to explain each and every document viewed by them. The printing of the paper is not likely to be reduced (Verkuijl, 2004). The only fact is that the individuals usually roll out number of documents whereas, the writing presents an interesting challenge. Going Paperless In the 20th century, the concept of the paperless office started. The people start thinking about the concept and tried to apply it in their business. This concept of the paperless office was firstly predicted in one of the article of the business week in the year 1975 The Office of the Future", and in the year 1980, this resulted into the buzzword. This concept of the paperless office was advent with the computers and it was believed that all the documents of the office are to be processed electronically and the use of the papers in the offices will become irrelevant. Additionally with this many of the new technologies come into the existence, among them main are the desktop publishing, e-mail, the web, systems related to content management, XML, e-books and much more. In the present scenario, the digitisation of the information around the globe and throughout the organisation has helped to manage and secure such information in the digital repositories and the business is driven at very fast speed (Pieper, 2005). It has been also documented by many of the companies. Conclusion: But still, the use of the paper is a predominating activitiy, related to the work, reading, knowledge and also the collaboration related work. The paper is being used as the temporary mediums because the individuals print the documents in use and then discard them rather keeping each and every printed document. Hence, in spite of the advances and all the promises related to less use of the paper still the people are consuming lot of papers in the daily activities and the vision of the paperless office is still an illusion. Paperless Accounting The paperless accounting in the business is based on the electronic transactions and where all documents are recorded electronically. The literature review of the paperless accounting from the academic sources is to be targeted primarily on the positivity of going paperless, and ways to implement it in business. The sources are focused on developing such cases for businesses, so that the paperless strategies are being adopted by the offices. Still, the paper is the widely used medium for the documentation, due to easy going benefits it is not easy to be replaced and will always coexist with the electronic documents. The usage of the paper cannot be significantly reduced unless the practices of the work are reorganized, and the alternatives of the paper are also be improved. Gragg the theorist further pointed that it is difficult to completely depend upon the electronic documentation due to the increased developments in the software technologies, and hence the usage of the hard copies is unlikely to be removed permanently, but can be reduced to a great extent (Reedman, 2015). It will be also not correct to assume that in fewer offices there will be no printing cost because it will be the need of many of the employees to get the prints of the documents which are sent electronically. In spite, of the concept very large investments are made for obtaining such technology which will help in digital storage of the documents. Nevertheless, it will be true to say in spite of such facts still the usage of the paper in the world is increasing and many of the business are still stuck to the documentation through paper. Even though the business who has invested largely in the technology for automating their business processes still depend upon the paperwork largely. For example, it is very general to see some of the executives printing the email correspondences hard copies (O'Connor, 2014). The shipping and the Logistics companies still require the hard copies of the bills for the certificates and the landing on the goods. The tax authorities and the banks also till time require the hard copies of the documents for the hand-signed institutional. Environmentally friendly will also help in achieving the aim of reducing the companies costs eventually. Conclusion: Hence, we can conclude that the concept of the paper accounting in the businesses is the concept which is widely known all over the globe. But in a survey, it was observed that the awareness and the adoption of the process paperless accounting among the people is still very less. Printing the Documents Electronically Nowadays, the communication and the information technologies are providing many of the new opportunities for the functioning of the businesses with the less usage of the paper. Intranets, Electronic mail, and the document scanners will help to reduce the usage of the paper step by step and will also help in saving the money and time. In one of the estimate it was cleared that the usage of the available technology may help in the reduction of the paper up to 10-30 % (Giles, 2012). Below are few examples of utilizing the computer for eliminating paper usage; Usage of the electronic means for the communication with the customers; E- mails to be used instead of using the faxes and the memo for the interoffice communications. Use of the electronic communications for the forms, bulletins, reports, manuals and the storages when possible. Copying of the images on the both sides of the paper sheet is also one of the processes which can help in saving the consumption of the paper up to 50 % (Havard, 2015). This process of e using the paper as Duplexing helps in saving the money on the purchase of new paper and in the mailing and storage purposes. The duplex copies are also easy to staple and fold. Conclusion: This usage of the technology will not only results in the less consumption of paper but will also help in reducing the expenses of the organisations. The use of the electronic technology is to be adopted by the business on the large scale for the great changes in the usage of the papers in the business and ultimately achieving the goal of cost cutting in the business. Paperless Office from Customer Perspective The comprehensive development of the electronic solutions enables the clients to access their doubts and queries, refer the company computers much more easily even without any kind of the hurdle by the staff of the company. This has already been evident in the insurance and the banking industries, here the clients have the immediate use of the bank statements plus they can also file insurance claims which they receive almost quickly or immediately. The paperless offices can generate important clients service effects, which serves them around 24/7 access refer the information. So, the idea, on one hand, benefits the company refer the saving of the cost and may also direct the benefits to the clients of the company (Connolly and Kleiner, 1993). When an organisation decreases its cost of operation in the areas which are discussed above, it could also very effectively pass these kinds of the benefits onto their clients by decreasing rates and also offering loyalty incentives and much mor e. The company which is comparatively efficient shall also serve to the clients efficiently as well. Refer the doctor's need and requirement; these services may help them take a much effective step at the very last stage or step. These huge services to the clients shall definitely result in some kinds of the additional referrals plus also repeat the visits of the patient, augment the profits in the time to come. It is significant in all kinds of the companies to remain very competitive (DeVries and Kiger, 2005). The organizations may also maintain the competitiveness by decreasing the costs and also keeping their concerned clients happy. The cost of the equipment of the companies may also be reduced. The environmental services, 24/7 kind of the document access plus the better client service are all kinds of the aspects refer the paperless operations which are understood and realized by the clients. Conclusion: It is believed by many of the practitioners and researchers that the businesses must opt for the paperless processes in their strategies. These strategies will help in the success of the companies with the cost cutting in the companys expenses. With the growth of the company the transactions of the companies increases which will need the system related process for applying paperless processes for the business. Hence the options of the paper fewer offices will be the aim of the business to be achieved. This concept of the paperless office will not only result in the increased efficiency of the companies but also helps in lowering the costs of the companies. According to the Brian Steinert, a software specialist, the cost cutting has to be the primary objective of many of the vendors who are considering the considering the concept of the paperless offices. References Aftergut, K. (2008). The Truly Paperless Dermatology Office.Arch Dermatol, 144(12). Andersen, E. (2008). Time to get serious about the paperless office.Ubiquity, 2008(April), pp.1-2. Connolly, T. and Kleiner, B. (1993). The Paperless Office of the Future.Logistics Information Mngt, 6(5), pp.40-43. DeVries, D. and Kiger, J. (2005). The risks of ?paperless? bank checks.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 16(4), pp.49-55. Giles, J. (2012). Going paperless: The digital lab.Nature, 481(7382), pp.430-431. Havard, J. (2015). The paperless NHS at the front line.BMJ, p.h4171. O'Connor, K. (2014). 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