Life in a Different Perspective free essay sample

My breath: short. My feelings: perpetual. My tears: welding. I can’t hold it in any longer; I start to delicately wail. â€Å"I have cancer,† she said. â€Å"I was analyzed around two months prior. The specialists state I have one month to live.† I can’t state how I feel so we cried together and afterward we giggled. â€Å"Remember the time†¦?† she began. Precisely one year prior, I helped Agnes and her mom Rosy recuperate their way of life. I took out spoiled planks of flooring and supplanted them with strong new ones. I washed the coarseness and grime from their trailer. I hung canals and fixed the wheel seat slope. The work was tied in with chipping in, yet it was additionally about structure connections, finding out about various different backgrounds, and valuing the intensity of network fellowship. Agnes was a property holder who I developed to know and love. Every day as I took a shot at a particular venture, Agnes worked nearby me. We will compose a custom article test on Life in a Different Perspective or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I demanded finishing the work myself, however she would not sit and watch. During seven hours of every day work, we discussed her adolescence, her children, my family, my expectations, my fantasies, and who I needed to be. Her life flabbergasted me. She experienced so much catastrophe, yet she had so much soul. She cherished life and all that it brought to the table. Agnes lived with her mother and her sister in a little trailer home. I got some information about the manner in which she lived and she stated, â€Å"I have a rooftop over my head, a family who adores me, and food to fill my gut. What else do I need?† Inspired by Agnes’s soul, I developed into a more grounded human, contributing my insight and comprehension of my confidence to youth, chipping in for different help extends, and turning into an innovator in my school network. Not just has Agnes roused me to help those out of luck, however she has propelled me to turn into an ethically tough individual also. I gained from Agnes’s energy forever, her uplifting viewpoint for the future, and her solid ethics; presently, the properties Agnes has are the ones I can add to your college.

Book report on hiroshima by john hersey. the full edition Essay

Book report on hiroshima by john hersey. the full version - Essay Example Miss Toshiko Sasaki, an energetic assistant, broke her legs in the blast. Her injury crumbled because of the contamination, and she got no clinical help for quite a long time following the blast. The shoot executes over a large portion of the doctors in Hiroshima and hurt an enormous number of the rest of the specialists. For example, Dr. Masakazu Fujii gets unequipped for helping other people. Along these lines, he just figures out how to look after himself. In actuality, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki remained the main unharmed clinical specialist among Red Cross Hospital. Weeks after the bombarding, Mrs. Hatsuyo is a widow raising her small kids. She is mindful and trustworthy, and a submitted statesperson. As side from that, Nakamura is a loyal individual. Fortunately, she and her posterity endure the blast with no real damage. In any case, Nakamura and her little girl fall survivors of a radiation disorder and battle with the issue for quite a long time. Thusly, Nakamura capitulate to neediness since the war causes a decimation of her properties. In the account, Nakamura is a customary setback of an uncommon event. Shockingly, she holds no retribution for the Americans regardless of the anguish they caused to him. Strangely, she makes sure about a vocation that prompts her money related freedom. Dr. Sasaki is a twenty-three years of age specialist working at Red Cross Hospital in Japan. Moreover, he is dedicated, smart, aspiring and benevolent. His consideration becomes possibly the most important factor after he chances punishments for going to sick patients in the towns before getting authorization. Sasaki winds up rewarding thousand if casualties since he is the main accessible specialist in the clinic. Therefore, after the bombarding Sasaki makes a progression in the treatment and investigations of radiation disease. In this way, Dr. Terufumi spent his post-besieging a very long time in endeavoring to expel Keloid. Afterward, he leaves the city for a far region so as to avoid the frightful

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Summarizing - Essay Example While looking at the outcomes for CO2 and H2, hydrogen gas observes the Ideal Gas Law delivering the significant part of gas. The information identified with the initial two preliminaries of H2 was not considered for the way that the gas had escaped from the cup; that is the reason the normal of H2 created in moles seems lesser than moles of CO2 delivered. The response of Mg and HCl gave a more perfect gas item than the gas item from the CaCO3 response. The Ideal Gas Law has its own constraints in accepting that the gas particles don't draw in one another and they don't have any limited volumes. These suppositions clarify the distinction between real yields and the hypothetical yields of the gases. In the event that van der Waals condition is to be utilized for figurings, at that point the distinction will essentially limit in light of the fact that the condition remembers the volumes and fascination of the gas particles. Gas particles spillages further clarify the error of the outco mes. It is proper to rehash the investigation with the right volume of the gas in the framework to wipe out this

Marketing Plan for Chain of Pro Shops Located Within Ice Arenas

Official Summary Pro shops are organizations engaged with selling brandishing types of gear that are required in the donning office. The chain of star shops is arranged in an Ice Arena and offers a wide scope of hockey types of gear just as packs, array and training items among others. The chain has a solitary provider and therefore, the items are comparable and extend inside the equivalent price.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Marketing Plan for Chain of Pro Shops Located Within Ice Arenas explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These shops are devoted to guarantee that the players, mentors, fans and other intrigued customers get the best administrations and top notch products. One of the principle points of the organization is to expand the mindfulness among the clients of the accessible administrations and items just as create trust and dependability for the development of the shops. Increment in limited time instruments will be utilized as an advertising system, also applying appropriate stock administration procedures. Market Overview The present market status of the ace shops is controlled by the players and the people who visit the fields. While the clients have been mostly the fans and the groups utilizing the fields, there is a need to build the extension to reach even the individuals who watch the game at home. The new technique is intended to incorporate online clients, who might get to the shops’ items and buy on the web. While there is an issue with blockage of shops in a single field, the methodology is to begin having some expertise in specific items so as to maintain a strategic distance from rivalry. Teams’ Model The fields are utilized by the two schools and expert groups. The measure of clients is in this manner at a consistent stream because of huge number of competitions. While the area has some different fields, the particular field inside which these master shops are found is one of the greatest. There is subsequently a superior possibility of expanded customers’ inflow when contrasted with the other ice fields. With these contemplations, the objective clients are those going to the matches just as those from the neighboring fields, who ought to be supported by the new showcasing strategy.Advertising Looking for explore paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Target Market Growth The prevalence of ice hockey has been expanding altogether. As indicated by the TalkOn (2008) direct, Ice hockey is progressively picking up ubiquity and consequently, there is potential for expanded clients in the United States, yet in addition the remainder of the world. With powerful internet promoting procedures, the shops will can possibly build their items attention to potential clients and thus increment the deals of the donning types of gear and related items. Promoting Objectives O ne of the significant destinations of the star shops is expanding the familiarity with their items to the nearby clients as well as global fans. Increment the regular incomes to over $ 1 million on the whole. SWOT Analysis Strengths One of the qualities of the genius shops is that the field is condition of-workmanship and subsequently supports a larger number of fans than most different fields. There is along these lines an opportunity of expanded interest of the items in the star shops. The ace shops retail in numerous items and they consolidate an assortment of items from various groups. This permits the fans a chance to get the particular items that they require. Shortcomings One of the significant shortcomings with the organization is the convergence of numerous star shops inside one field. This makes superfluous rivalry and influences the profits produced. Openings The expanding utilization of web based showcasing and monetary exchanges will take into consideration expanded and extended deals to the neighborhood based clients as well as the universal ones. Dangers The expanding ubiquity in different games like ball and soccer may prompt decreased enthusiasm for Ice hockey and henceforth lead to diminished interest for ice hockey items. Estimating Strategy Some of the items in the star shops are viewed as overrated. The shops will attempt to modify the costs by considering different less expensive sources and this will require the expansion of gracefully chains.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Marketing Plan for Chain of Pro Shops Located Within Ice Arenas explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More also, to maintain a strategic distance from value rivalry, the master shops will build up a procedure that will have the various shops take part in various items to evade pointless rivalry. This will take into consideration the correlation with other contender costs in various fields in the area (Mondschein, 2009). Through suitable and opportune advancements, the expert shops will guarantee that the clients are allowed to buy at scaled down costs (Smith, Smith, 2011). A few administrations will be acquainted that will be implied with spare the customers’ spending, while as yet adding to the shops’ returns. One of such will be skates’ fix and honing so as to tap those people who might not bear the cost of new combines of skates. Through this procedure, the shops will make another method of expanding the clients without settling on the shops’ returns. Advertising Communications Plan To expand the customers’ consciousness of the accessible items in the genius shops, it will be fundamental that appropriate correspondence techniques be actualized (Masterman, Wood, 2006). One of the methodologies that the shops will receive is the utilization of pamphlets and flyers during competitions. This will guarantee that the clients will spread the data about the shops’ items as they leave the field after matches. Moreover, the shops will create individual connections that will assist the intrigued clients with gaining access to their destinations for data about the accessible items and the costs (Meyerson, 2005). The production of online databases will likewise happen in accordance with the advancement of online installment choices that will spare the clients the hustles of making physical contacts with the organization. Notice will likewise be made through print and electronic media so as to guarantee that the open thinks about the items. The web for instance will be extraordinary since it is relied upon to arrive at countless potential clients (Masterman, Wood, 2006). Deals and Marketing Channel Plan The items would should be acquainted with the potential clients through successful deals and promoting channels. This would guarantee that as opposed to knowing about the presence of the items, the clients will be convinced through suitable intends to bu y the items. One of the significant perspectives inside this system is the workforce (Mathur, 2006).Advertising Searching for look into paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More While the chain has three deals people in each shop, it will be imperative to expand the quantity of deals people to five, particularly during competitions. This will guarantee that there will be more extensive inclusion and consequently expanded deals. The business groups will likewise be situated in the online diverts so as to discuss legitimately with the clients and offer assistance and thoughts regarding the accessible items (Meyerson, Scarborough, 2007). The shops will set deals objectives as far as dispersed handouts and pamphlets per singular match. This will continue to be in total reflected toward the finish of financial period, which ought to likewise match with playing season. In each match, the business people will endeavor to convey around 5, 000 pamphlets in each game. This will make it simpler for the mindfulness battle to quickly get coordinated into the interests of potential clients. Notwithstanding the brochures’ dispersion, the business group will endeavor to build the quantity of advancements to one every week all through the ice hockey season. Item show will likewise be begun. The administration will begin exhibition activities by paying special mind to star skaters to show the utilization and use of a portion of the items like skates and goalie sticks. Moreover, the administration will discover chances to exhibit the viability of some training types of gear so as to support the players and fans, yet in addition the mentors. While the correspondences plan is powerful enough to build the quantity of clients, it will be imperative to keep up legitimate records for customers’ trust. Also, the stock will guarantee that the administration is aware of the accessible items and those that should be included. This will keep clients from making orders that are unavailable. One of the best methods of dealing with the stock is by utilization of standardized tags and radio recurrence Identification (McCraven, 2011). These kinds of innova tions consider the items they are bought and offered to clients. It in this manner makes it simpler for the advertisers to know the items that are on the rack, what number of they are, and the ones previously sold. The radio recurrence identifiers might be joined into the database of accessible items to assess the pace of buys and henceforth gauge the interest and flexibly. These instruments will help in diminishing odds of botch and missing records since they can influence a ton the validity of the shops. Since the shops will ponder on expanding the provider tie so as to stay away from monopolistic reliance that would influence the estimating technique, keeping record of the buys would be an absolute necessity. The inventories will in this way help in rebuilding the promoting methodologies until now applied by the master shops. References Masterman, G., Wood, E. H. (2006). Imaginative showcasing correspondences: techniques for the occasions business. Bu

Pharmaceutical Services and Health Promotion

Question: Talk about the Pharmaceutical Services and Health Promotion. Answer: Presentation: Wellbeing advancement that includes supporting the people to force authority over just as to improve their wellbeing is fundamental in todays world. The first wellbeing gathering, Ottawa Charter for wellbeing advancement has explained the basic ideas and perspectives concerning wellbeing advancement, which is the obligation of different segments (counting pharmacology researchers) that goes past wellbeing with need to advance past the sound way of life particularly to accomplish a worldwide prosperity (Catford, 2011). Concerning pharmaceutical setting, after Ottawa sanction gathering, different universal practices, systems and strategies and pharmacological investigates has begun taking wellbeing advancement as one among the targets of drug specialists just as drug specialists' training. Obviously the pharmaceutical field has would in general approached social insurance with general wellbeing from 1980s by relating drug specialists and pharmacology researchers to give prescriptions a nd to teach about hazard decrease and way of life changes. This article examines about the zones of OC and its importance to pharmacology researchers. The main zone of OC is building solid open strategies that includes making facilitated move to address wellbeing value and guaranteeing more secure just as more beneficial products with administrations alongside sound open administrations (Nakamura, 2014). It implies that all the merchandise including drugs ought to be all around explored to give protected, viable and innocuous meds to individuals that guarantees the arrangement of more beneficial administrations to individuals in a pleasant domain. Additionally, this territories of activity is indented to remember wellbeing for its plan by the strategy producers in all areas with all levels and guiding them to comprehend the wellbeing results and acknowledge their obligations. Consequently, this zone is exceptionally important for our calling. The second zone of making strong situations includes elevating wellbeing to upgrade sheltered, animating, admirably agreeable with getting a charge out of life and workplace. It isn't applicable to pharmacology researchers calling as this territory manages the activities of just drug specialist who takes the last situation in the patients' contact chain subsequent to being analyzed by medicinal services work force to settle on choices about pharmacological treatment (Kellow, 2011) or now and again being the sole contact for drugs that may not require a clinical remedy or might be for changes in way of life as to stop smoke, stop liquor misuse, and so on (Aquilino, 2003). This region doesnt manage the job of pharmacology researchers. The following territory of fortifying network activities includes instructing and advising the individuals about the medications measurements, unfavorable impacts with tranquilize collaborations and about changes in way of life as nourishing directing, non-intrusive treatment and stopping smoking (Lenz, 2011). This territory isn't applicable to my calling as it manages just training and directing viewpoints. According to next zone, experts ought to create individual aptitudes to advance wellbeing in network. Likewise, pharmacology researchers should lead examine and build up their own abilities to advance communitys wellbeing. They distinguish and select the people with chance components for infection that are focused in national medicinal services programs (cardio-vascular ailments) and investigate the impact of drug treatment that is required to forestall, treat or control the ailment by their explores. Thus, this region is exceptionally pertinent to my calling. The following regio n of re-arranging to wellbeing administrations that includes re-sorting out the drug stores by leading looks into and to alter products and enterprises dependent on current needs is rehearsed by pharmacology researcher. Thus, this zone is pertinent to my calling. Henceforth, among five regions of Ottawa Charter, three zones are pertinent to pharmacology-researchers calling. Reference Aquilino, M.L. (2003). Smoking-end benefits in Iowa people group drug stores: Pharmacotherapy. 23(5): 666-673. Catford, J. (2011). Ottawa 1986: back to the future: Health Promot. Int. 26(2): ii163-ii167. Kellow, N. (2011). Assessment of a rustic network drug store based Waist Management Project: carrying the program to the individuals: Aust. J. Demure. Wellbeing. 17(1):16-22. Lenz, D. (2011). Assessment of the utilization of point nasal decongestants in college understudies from wellbeing sciences courses: Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 47(4): 761-767. Nakamura, C.A. (2014). Pharmaceutical administrations and wellbeing advancement: how far have we gone and how are we faring? Logical yield in pharmaceutical examinations: Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 50(4). Recovered from https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1984-82502014000400773

I wish you enough!

I wish you enough! Recently, I overheard a mother and daughter in their last moments together at the airport as the daughters departure had been announced.Standing near the security gate, they hugged and the mother said: I love you and I wish you enough.The daughter replied, Mom, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Mom. They kissed and the daughter left.The mother walked over to the window where I sat. Standing there, I could see she wanted and needed to cry.I tried not to intrude on her privacy but she welcomed me in by asking, Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?Yes, I have, I replied. Forgive me for asking but why is this a forever good-bye?I am old and she lives so far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is the next trip back will be for my funeral, she said.When you were saying good-bye, I heard you say, I wish you enough. May I ask what that means?She began to smile. Thats a wish that has been handed down from other generations. My parents used to say it to everyone.She paused a moment and looked up as if trying to remember it in detail and she smiled even more.When we said I wish you enough we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with just enough good things to sustain them.Then turning toward me, she shared the following, reciting it from memory.I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish you enough hellos to get you through the final good-bye.She then began to sob and walked away.My friends, I wish you enough!Author: Bob Perks Story submitted by Tina

Why we need to do research - Free Essay Example

Research provides valuable information that guides manager, employees and other personnel of an organization in their daily work for the organization. The information from research guides them to make an effective decision making which will benefit the organization in the long run. Provide the knowledge and skills. Research helps in decision-making because the analysis of data provides the clear picture to the manager concerning to the underlying problem, the associated factors, and offers the possible solution. Interprets results The researcher interprets the results from the analyzed data and makes a through evaluation on the benefits and consequences for every possible solution. Proposed recommendations The researcher also proposes certain recommendations for the next course of action to be taken by the manager. Thus, the manager is able to make a better decision with the help of research. For example, a research is required to identify the factors that cause the demand for Malaysian made cars (Proton and Perodua) to decline drastically in the past few years. The research undertaken for this specific case would be able to determine the factors that contribute to the decreasing demand for the car. From the result, the management could take certain corrective action to improv e the demand. For example, the outcome of a research suggested the company to introduce new models, improve the quality of cars, improve the service quality provided by its service centers, reduce the selling price, and improve design of the car to suit younger generation. The specific recommendation made to the company based on research findings would help the Proton management to take proper action so that it could survive into the future. 1.3 The need for business research In managing the organization, the manager would come across many managerial problems that are interrelated in various areas such as management, accounting, marketing, production, finance, etc. Help manager solve the management problems The researcher would define the problem, determine the research objectives, identify the relevant variables that may relate to the problem, collect data on all important variables, and analyze them to finalize the root of a problem. Finally, the researcher will write a full report based on the data analysis to be presented to the manager concerning the problem and the possible course of action in order to tackle the problem. Effective and efficient in making the decision Research helps managers to generate the viable alternative among several alternatives available for effective decision-making. Knowledge on research would also help managers to utilize the available information in a more sophisticated and scientific methods in understandi ng the problem. The manager also would be able to interact more effectively with every employee in planning for the research and development project (RD) for the organization. Look at the problem critically and objectively. Good manager posses an arithmetic reasoning to sense a potential threat only by looking at certain statistics from the news report. Among the statistical information available are the trend of demand and supply of certain product, the rate of growth in GNP, the rate of interest, the rate of inflation, and the government policies regarding the economy. Sometimes, the statements and comments made by the expert in the related field are also important since they deliver certain message regarding the specific industry that might affect the organization. Conclusion, a good manager would ask for a research report before making an important decision. A good decision is the one made after taking into consideration all data analysis, the interpreted findings, and recommendations. In contrast, a bad decision is the one made without considering the information available, the potential threat to the organization, and without listening to the expert opinion concerning the underlying problem. 1.4 The role of research in business Making the right decision is an ideal practice in any business whenever the organization encounters a problem. A good organization primarily conducts research to resolve the critical problems surrounding their business such as competition, customer satisfaction, product innovation, customer complaints, and new government policies affecting the industry. Decision making process requires systematic and organized efforts to investigate a specific problem in a business setting. The first step in understanding the problem is to identify specifically the main issue that requires further investigation. The next steps are to identify factors associated with the problem, gather the relevant information, analyze data, interpret output and provide the recommendation to the manager for his decision-making. It simply means that the decision making process comprises a series of steps designed and executed with the goal of getting the best solution to the underlying problem faced by the organi zation. Actually, the entire process in which the managers attempt to solve their problem is the steps in conducting a research project. The research definition in the previous section suggests that research involved the process of inquiry, investigation, examination, and experimentation that need to be conducted systematically, diligently, critically, objectively and in a logical order. Thus, the results of research would be the findings, which would help the managers to deal with the real situation. Therefore, we can define business research as an organized, systematic inquiry concerning the problem, and undertaken with the purpose of finding the best solution to a problem. In addition, the research findings should be able to clarify all ambiguities surrounding the problem. In research the ambiguities surrounding the problem are addressed in term of research questions. 1.5 The factors to consider in research Sometimes the manager has many alternatives to choose from in his decision-making for the company. In this case, the manager requires more information concerning each alternative in order to make the right choice. In other words, the manager needs to carry-out a research. However, the determination of the need for research centers on the following factors: i. Time constraints A systematic research takes time to accomplish. However, in many instances, the manager needs to make decision immediately and hence it is made without adequate information and a thorough understanding of the problems. If the time allows, the manager should do the research first before making a decision. Making a decision blindly without adequate information might land an organization into trouble. ii. The availability of data Adequate information is very important for a manager in making decision. The role of research is to provide the required information to the manager to make his decision. However, in certain cases, a manager has adequate information to assist him and the research is not required. However, a good manager knows that the research is still required to clarify some ambiguities surrounding the industry in which the business is operating. Furthermore, if a potential source of information exists, managers want to know how much it costs to obtain the data. For example, Era Timur, a company selling stationery items and providing internet cafà © plans to open a new branch in Kota Bharu. The manager of Era Timur wishes to investigate the market potential for the business in the area. The relevant information that would help the manager in making decision are the characteristic of the population in the area, the number of potential customers in the area, the number of schools, government dep artments as well as private organizations in the area who are using the internet. And not to forget, the number of existing competitors already operating in the area is also important. Since this type of data is usually not readily available, the manager has to carry out a specific research to collect and analyze the required information. iii. Nature of decisions The value of research depends on the nature of the managerial decision to be made. A minor decision that does not require a substantial investment may not require the large amount of expenditure for research project. For example, Pandu Yakin Sdn. Bhd., a car rental company wants to upgrade the advertisement regarding some modifications in their services. The current advertisement is not bad in achieving their target consumers. The costs required to research and upgrade the existing advertisement may be higher than the benefits obtained. Therefore, in this particular case, the company does not have to invest in research. However, some organizations are willing to spend millions of ringgit to do a small modification in their product because they are confident of long-term benefits. For instances, the Telekom Malaysia (TM) and Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) re-branding exercises have incurred millions of ringgit to the company. iv. The value of research We have discussed the various benefits of research. However, a substantial expenditure is required for conducting good research. Thus, both cost and benefit are important to justify a research project. A manager should identify and weigh the potential values or benefits from the research and compare with the expenditure they have to incur. Three questions would help managers make the right decision in this case. First, is the rate of return worth the investment? Second, will the information obtained from the research improves the quality of a decision? Third, is the proposed research the best alternative for the available fund? Figure 1.1 illustrates the simple checklist to determine the requirement of a research. Figure 1.1: The Decision to Conduct or Not to Conduct Research 1.6 The types of research In research, a distinction is needed not only about the type of research but also about the most general category into which the implications of research might fall. What is the distinction? This distinction is a convenient way to clarify the research activity to shed light on the purpose and importance of the study. The most basic distinction of research activities are categorized into applied research (sometimes called action research) and basic research (sometimes called pure research or fundamental research). Applied Research Applied or action research is carried out for the purpose of solving an existing problem. The researcher conducts an applied research when he wants to study about the specific problem. For example, the demand for PROTON is decreasing. The decrease in demand is reflected in the monthly sales of PROTON cars nationwide. The management is trying to identify the factors that contribute to the decreasing demand in order to take an appropriate step before the problem gets worse. In this case, the research helps the management to get a clearer picture of what was happening in the automotive industry, the crucial factors behind it and the correlation of each factor with the existing economic variables such as interest rate, rate of inflation, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). After obtaining the data, the researcher would perform the data analysis and come out with certain recommendation based on the output. The management can use the information from the research report to help them in designing a new marketing program, determine the pricing policy, and adopt certain promotional strategy so that the downward trend in demand will change to an upward trend. Every business organization requires continuous research and development program (RD) to ensure its growth and survival in the industry. The research will discover the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, its product and service as well as that of its competitors. Since the socio-economic variables change over time, the management of business organization should embark on continuous research and development in order to keep pace with its competitors. Examples of applied research i) The study to determine the level of awareness towards the danger posed by counterfeit medicines in the market among the Malaysian consumers ii) The study to identify the main factors considered by the customers when buying health products in the market iii) The study to assess the damage caused by the recent flood on government schools in the country Pure Research One of the purposes for conducting research is to develop and evaluate the concepts and theories. The researcher conducts basic research to expand the body of knowledge in the particular area by determining the theoretical explanation to the underlying problem. This type of research is not for solving the problem at hand. Rather, the basic research is carried out to develop the theoretical foundation concerning certain phenomena which take place and to expand the limits of knowledge based on the findings. One carries out basic research to confirm that certain phenomena conform to a certain theory developed by the previous researchers. If the phenomenon does not conform to the previous theory, then the researcher would propose a new theory to explain what was happening. Although basic research does not provide the solution to a specific problem, it does provide a comprehensive understanding concerning the problem in general. Hence, the organizations could apply the theory obtaine d from basic research to handle their own problems. For example, a university professor is interested to investigate how the level of service quality provided by the hospital contributes to patient satisfaction for his academic interest. After doing literature search from the published journals and gathering information from patients at several hospitals, the professor found that factors like the quality of communication by the frontline staff, the reputation of doctors, and the environment in the hospital to be the most important criteria that contribute to the patient satisfaction towards the hospital. Hence, whenever the management wants to improve their customer satisfaction, they should specifically improve the quality of those factors. Examples of pure research are: a) The influence of environmental awareness on consumer buying behavior towards environmental friendly products or green products in the market b) The relationship between employee job satisfaction and the quality of service they provide to their customers in service organizations c) The impact of customer satisfaction towards certain products and their willingness to provide positive words of mouth and recommendation for that particular product to their friends and families d) Modeling customer loyalty towards the service provided by certain company based on their experience with the quality of service provided and their perception on the corporate image of that company The general flowchart of a research Figure 1.2: The process in Historical Research 1.7 Developing a research design The research design serves as a master plan of the methods and procedures for the researcher to collect and analyze the data required by the research. Determining the most suitable research design is a function of research objectives and the specific requirements of the research. In this master plan, the researcher must consider the type of data required, the design technique (survey, observation, experiment, and case study), the sampling methodology and procedures, the schedule and the budget. Non experimental research design Non-experimental research includes a variety of different methods that describe relationships between variables. For example, the survey on television-watching behavior of teenagers and adults, the researcher would like to know what programs the teenagers watch on television. Non-experimental research has two types; that are exploratory and descriptive. The exploratory research design Exploratory research is conducted to clarify the nature of ambiguous problems. Ambiguous means that the nature of the problem is unclear, in which the objectives are vague and decision alternatives are difficult to understand. The purpose of exploratory research is to explore the problem or situation to gain better understanding about the dimensions of the problem. Exploratory research is not intended to provide conclusive evidence from which to determine a particular course of action. Usually, exploratory research is conducted with the expectation that subsequent research will be required to provide such conclusive evidence. Therefore, exploratory research is conducted for three interrelated purposes: diagnosing a situation: help diagnosing the dimension of problems so that successive research project will be on target eg: preliminary interview with employees may utilize to learn current hot issues as well as concern about bread and butter issues such as wages, working c onditions etc screening alternatives used to determine the best alternatives. (Because several opportunities) discovering new ideas Eg; workers have suggestion for increasing products or improving safety. Therefore, consumer may suggest new product ideas or unthought-of problem might be identified. Exploratory research focuses on collecting either secondary or primary data, and using unstructured formal or informal procedures to interpret them. This research design incorporates the fewest characteristics or principles of the scientific method. It is often used simply to classify the problems or opportunities. Hence, it is not intended to provide conclusive information from which a particular course of action can be determined. Among the examples of exploratory research techniques are; focus-group interviews, experience surveys, and pilot studies. Exploratory research may also use some forms of secondary data (e.g. online database). Exploratory research can be somewhat intuitive and is used by many managers to monitor the demand pattern for their products compared to the competitors products in the market. Example: A Thai restaurant is considering expanding its operating hours and product line with a breakfast menu. Exploratory research is required to provide some understanding about the problem. However, an exploratory study with a small number of customers found a negative reaction to a spicy breakfast menu that is one of the menus offered by the business. The findings from the study indicate that the restaurant should not offer this menu for breakfast. The descriptive research design The major purpose of descriptive research, as the name implies is to describe the characteristics of a population or an existing phenomenon. Descriptive research is not a stand-alone research; it serves as a basis for other types of research. Descriptive research uses a set of scientific methods and procedures to collect data and create data structures that describe the characteristics (e.g. gender, occupation, income, academic qualification, age categories, political opinions, preferences towards PROTON, and purchase intentions) of a target population. Descriptive research designs are appropriate when the research objectives include determination of the degree to which marketing variables are related to the actual market phenomena. The researcher looks for answers to the how, who, what, when, and where questions concerning the components of a market Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is based on some previous understanding of the nature of the research problem . Although the researcher may have general understanding about the situation, he may need conclusive evidence from the research to determine the course of action. Many circumstances require descriptive research to explain the nature of things. Frequently, the basic understandings from exploratory research and the conclusive evidences of descriptive research are used to determine the extent of differences and association in certain variables among subgroups in a population. The study might also be interested in estimating the proportion of a population that has certain characteristics. Example: Mr. Fairuzsham, a manager of DCinta Enterprise in Machang, wants to focus on cosmetic product by offering some additional items with the particular brands. He believed that 12 to 15 year old girls cared a lot about fragrances, lipstick, and mascara, but he lacked quantitative evidence. He conducts a descriptive research to identify the characteristics of his customers. This research found that 40% of the young girls use facial cream, 30% use fragrance and 20% use lip-gloss and another 10% use more than one product category. The study also found that 60% of customers who use cosmetics are loyal to certain brands, and another 40% do not care much about brand. In addition, 70% of the customers who are brand loyal choose the brand advertised by their favorite female artist. 2 The experimental research design In the experimental research is where participants are assigned to groups based on some selected criterion often called the treatment variable. In other words, experimental research is one way to test the presence of cause-and-effect relationship. Causal research design Often, there is confusion on the interpretation of causal research design process regarding to the term relationship. The basis of the term relationship goes into two distinctions, the cause and effect relationship and associational relationship between variables. Although both distinctions mentioned are about the relationship between variables, the difference between these two distinctions is cause and effect relationship provides better understanding regarding the relationship between variables. However, depending on the design of the study, if the study wants to determine the cause of one or more variables, it is called a causal study. However, if the study is interested in determining the important variable associated with the problem, this study is called co-relational study. For example, does smoking cause cancer? refers to the question for causal study. Rather, are smoking and cancer related? refers to the co-relational study. Causal research is designed to col lect raw data structures and information that will allow the decision maker or researcher to model the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables. Causal research is most appropriate when the research objective includes the need to understand the reasons why the market responses change when certain economic variables change. It can be used to understand the functional relationship between the causal factors and the effect predicted on the market performance variable under investigation. This type of research design allows decision makers to gain the highest level of understanding in the research process. In addition, understanding the cause-effect relationships among market factors allow the manager to make if-then statements about the variables. Causal research designs offer opportunity for identifying, determining, and explaining causality among critical market factors, they tend to be complex, expensive, and time consuming. Among the different data collect ion techniques available, experimental designs hold the greatest potential for establishing cause-effect relationship because they allow researchers to investigate changes in one variable while manipulating one or two other variables under controlled conditions. Quasi-experimental research In the quasi-experimental research, the respondents are pre-assigned to groups based on some characteristic or quality these people bring to the study. For example, differences in gender, level of education, age group, program of study, economic status, and political preference are among the characteristics. The quasi-experimental method is most suitable when a researcher cannot assign people to groups and test the effects of group membership on some other outcome. Quasi-experimental research also called post hoc research or after-the-fact research since the actual research takes place after the assignment of groups such as employed versus unemployed, malnourished versus non-malnourished, male versus female. Because assignment has already taken place, the researcher has a degree of control over the cause of whatever effects are being examined. The comparison among research designs Exploratory Descriptive Causal Objective: Discover the insights and new ideas about the problem at hand. To confirm a problem Describe the problem at hand and relate to the characteristics of the population under study Determine cause and effect between the independent and dependent variables Characteristics: Flexible, versatile, does not base on proper research design. Based on specific objectives, research questions, and research hypotheses of the study Manipulation of one or more independent variables, and the control of other variables Methods: Expert interviews, pilot surveys, analyze secondary data, and qualitative research. Structured data collection method, proper statistical data analysis procedure Laboratory experiments, changes in the rate of interest by Bank Negara, changes in government policy on import tax, etc Example of possible findings: The volume of sale is declining. However, the exact factor is still unclear at this stage The volume of car sale s is significantly related to specific factors such as high rate of interest, rising cost of petrol, etc The rate of interest on car loan, the import duty, and certain government policies affect the sale of cars in the country The major classifications of research design are exploratory, descriptive, and causal research design. However, the distinctions among these classifications are not absolute. For example, a research project may involve more than one type of research design and serve for several purposes. In other words, a combination of research design may be employed depending on the nature of the problem. For instance, problem definition begins with an exploratory research when little is known. Exploratory research is the initial step in the overall research design framework followed by descriptive or causal research. Nevertheless, it is not necessary to begin every research design with exploratory research. The decisions depend upon the precision with which the pro blem has been defined and the researchers degree of certainty about the approach to the problem. Exploratory research may also follow descriptive or causal research. Basically, exploratory research is conducted to understand the research findings of descriptive or causal research. This situation happens when the results are difficult to interpret into the real situation. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is based on some previous understanding of the nature of the research problem. Although the researcher may have general understanding about the situation, they need conclusive evidence of the answer required to determine the course of action. Many circumstances require descriptive research to explain the nature of things. Frequently, the basic understandings from exploratory research and the conclusive evidences of descriptive research are used to determine the extent of differences and association in certain variables among subgroups in a population. Besides, the study is also interested in estimating the proportion of a population that has certain characteristics. 1.8 Characteristics of a good research High-quality research is characterized by many characteristics and certain characteristics tend to be related. Among the characteristics are: It is based on the work of previous researchers in the area. This does not necessarily mean that the new researcher duplicates their work, but the new researcher refers the work of others and continues from where they stopped. In other words, a new researcher continues from where the earlier researcher finished their work in order to improve what has already been achieved. If the new researcher does not continue from where they finish, he might be repeating the same work all over again or he is re-inventing the same wheel! It can be replicated in another set of population. If a research examines the relationship between problem-solving ability and arithmetic reasoning of primary school students, the same study should also be replicable to the secondary school students for two reasons. First, one of the hallmarks of any credible scien tific finding is that it is applicable. Second, if the results of an experiment can be replicated, they serve as a basis for further research in the same area. It is generalizable to other population possessing similar characteristics. In other words, the conclusion from the study can also be applied to other population if their characteristics are almost equal. A good research is based on certain rationale and it relates to certain theoretical foundation. Research does not stand alone as just interesting questions without the logical theory. Major areas of research need to be broken into smaller elements, and all these elements need to be tied together in a framework with a theory. Research can generate new questions and it is cyclical in nature. Research is incremental, that is it expands from small to larger scope. Research is an activity undertaken for the betterment of society. Research and development is an effort to find means and ways to improve the present qu ality of products and services, and also the method of doing some other thing in life. Technically, a good research must have the following characteristics: The research purpose is clearly defined. No ambiguity arises at all. The outline of research process is explained in detail Research design is thoroughly planned and clearly understood High ethical standards of research are applied all the time. Limitations are revealed and the scope of research is properly defined. The method of data analysis and statistical tests to be employed is adequately explained and justified. Research findings are presented clearly and unambiguously Conclusions and recommendations regarding the problem under study are clearly stated and explained. 1.9 Basic ethics in research Researchers should observe and follow the research ethics at all time during their research. The ethics in research refer to a code of conduct or expected societal norm of behavior of researchers while conducting research. Ethical conduct applies to the researchers themselves, the organization involved in the research project, the organization sponsoring the research, and the respondents who participate in the research. The basic principles of ethical research are: Protection from harm Researchers, respondents and individuals involved in the study must be protected. If there is any doubt that there is certain risk involved, then the research project should not be undertaken in the first place. Maintenance of privacy The work of researchers is confidential. The researchers should not reveal the identity of their respondents involved in the study. The data collected from respondents should be kept confidential at all time and should only be used for the research at hand. Coercion The respondents are participating in the study at their own will. Their response to during data collection should be free from any influence. Even, the respondents are free to participate or not participate in the study. Informed consent the respondents should be made to understand the rationale for the research and they should agree to waive their right to privacy when they participate in the research activities. Confidentiality the researcher needs to give assurance to respondents that their identity would not be revealed, and the information given is treated as private and confidential. Sharing the findings after the study has been completed, the report should be presented to the audience. The report should also be made available to be viewed by the respondents who participated in the study. 1.10 Overview of basic steps in research process The need for a research planning and its processes: To identify research problem and write its problem statement To formulate the problem statement into research objectives, research questions, and research hypothesis to be tested. To collect data and perform the required data analysis. To write a report and present to the management. Figure 1.1: Phases of the Research Process Sources: William zikmund: pg: 59 1.11 Stages in the research process Each of the six stages in the research process described below; Identifying the problem for research The research task is to clarify a problem, to evaluate a program or to define an opportunity. Problem definition is the indication of specific business decision area that will be clarified by answering some research questions (William Zikmund, 2003). Problem definition allows a researcher to set the proper research objectives. If the purpose of the research is clear, the chances of collecting the necessary and relevant information. Exploratory research is usually conducted during the initial stage of the research process (more will be said about exploratory, descriptive and causal in chapter 4). The purpose of the exploratory research process is to progressively narrow the scope of the research topic and to transform discovered problems into defined ones, incorporating specific research objectives. There are 4 basic categories of techniques for obtaining insight and gaining a clearer idea of a problem: Secondary data; The data have been previously collected by other par ty for their purpose which might not be similar to the one at hand. Pilot studies; Researcher collects data from the similar research population to serve as a guide for a proper study. Case studies The exploratory research that intensively investigates the situations similar to the researchers problem situation at hand. Experience survey; Exploratory research techniques in which individuals who are knowledgeable about a particular research problem are surveyed. Planning the research design A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or blueprint that plans the action for the research projects. The objectives of the research methods, the available data sources, the urgency of the decision, and the cost of obtaining the data will determined which method is chosen. (William zikmund, 2003). Sampling Sampling involves any procedures that use a small number of items or a portion of a population to make conclusion regarding the whole population. In other words, a sample is a subset from a larger population (Zikmund, 2003). The sampling question that must be asked: Who is to be the sampled? How big should the sample be? How the sampling units are to be selected? There are two types of sampling techniques can be used probability sampling or non probability sampling (more will be chapter 9). Collecting data There are many methods of data collections. When the survey methods is utilized, some form of direct participation by the respondent is necessary during the process. The respondents may participate by filling out a questionnaire or by interacting with an interviewer. Often there are two phases to the process of collecting data; pretesting A pre-testing phase, using a small subsample, may determine whether the data collection plan for the study is an appropriate procedure. The main study The process of collecting data from the selected respondents in the actual population for the study. Processing and analyzing data Data processing generally begins with the editing and coding of the data. Editing involves checking the data collection forms for omissions, legibility, and consistency in classification. The editing process corrects problems such as interviewer error before the data transferred to a computer or ready for tabulation. Analysis is the application of reasoning to understand and interpret the data that have been collected. Statistical analysis may range from portraying a simple frequency distribution to very complex multivariate analysis, such as multiple regressions. Conclusion and preparing a report The final stage in the research process is to interpret the information and draw conclusions relevant to managerial decisions. The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. The written report serves several purpose such as it is a historical document, a record that may be referred to later if the research is to be repeated or it further research is to be based on what has come before. EXERCISES MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. _____ is the application of the scientific method in searching for the truth about business phenomena. a. Induction b. Application research c. Business research d. Science 2. All of the following are important aspects of the business research process EXCEPT: a. searching for and collecting information b. idea and theory development c. analyzing data d. making results publicly available 3. Which of the following are the two types of research based on the specificity of its purpose? a. basic and applied b. scientific and non-scientific c. cross-sectional and qualitative d. quantitative and secondary 4. _____ is conducted to address a specific business decision for a specific firm or organization. a. Basic business research b. Qualitative business research c. Quantitative business research d. Applied business research 5. Which type of research tries to verify a theory or to l earn more about a concept and is not intended to solve a particular business problem? a. performance-monitoring research b. basic research c. total quality management d. the scientific method 6. Which of the following refers to the way researchers go about using knowledge and evidence to reach objective conclusions about the real world? a. qualitative method b. quantitative method c. scientific method d. primary method 7. When a manager decides not to do research because a decision needs to be made before the results of the study can be analyzed, this is an example of which aspect in the determination of the need for marketing research? a. nature of the decision b. time constraints c. availability of the data d. cost considerations For each situation above, state whether it is a basic or an applied research and give reasons for your answer. a) Define exploratory research. Explain three (3) interrelat ed purposes for exploratory research. (7m) b) List and briefly explain four (4) major factors that must be considered if you want to conduct Business Research. (8m)